Exploring the political and economic effects of xenophobia on South Africa’s foreign policy toward other countries: 2008 – 2019.

Abstract

The economic and political landscape, both globally and domestically, profoundly influences a nation's well-being, a reality keenly felt in South Africa. Persistent tensions between citizens and foreign nationals have erupted into violent conflicts, demanding a comprehensive and strategic response. Xenophobia remains a critical and life-threatening challenge for foreign nationals within contemporary South Africa. Despite not being a donor country, South Africa's engagement in development cooperation across Africa is central to its foreign policy. However, the scourge of xenophobic violence has tarnished its international reputation and strained diplomatic ties even within the African continent, thus, affecting the potency of its foreign policy. Drawing from Realism, Constructivism and Securitization theory, this dissertation investigates how security issues are framed through political elites' speech acts, shaping perceptions of existential threats requiring protection. By delving into the root causes of Xenophobia and its economic and political implications for foreign policy, this study contributes to understanding the underlying motivations behind anti-foreign sentiments, particularly towards black foreign nationals. Realism provides insights into the state's role and national interests amidst Xenophobia and foreign policy challenges. Through structured questionnaires and interviews with diverse stakeholders across South Africa, this research identifies policy gaps and institutional avenues for the state to address underlying conflict drivers and mitigate violent outbreaks. Additionally, it fills a literature gap by exploring the significance and applicability of constructivism and securitization theory within the South African context. In conclusion, this study confirms the presence of Xenophobia within South Africa and emphasizes the need for tailored frameworks to foster peace both nationally and internationally. Effective peace initiatives must prioritize comprehensive economic and political strategies aimed at resolving conflicts and promoting coexistence among culturally diverse populations. With the aim of bridging the divide of ‘us versus them’ this study further recommends and encourages the deliberate practice of the spirit of Ubuntu, increasing empathy, with the aim of arriving at a more cohesive community. Thereby, enhancing South Africa’s reputation internationally.