Doctoral Degrees (Public Governance)

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An analysis of the theory and practice of leadership in education with particular reference to superintendents of education (management) in the eThekwini region of KwaZulu-Natal Department of Education.
(2004) Nobin, Brian Edward.; Sing, Deoram.
Approaches to management have varied radically in their purposes and have altered significantly over time. Hierarchies of authority, divisions of labour, adherence to rules and spans of control are now regarded as denying the flexibility and responsiveness that provide the necessary conditions for effective leadership. In the past, some theorists viewed leadership as a fixed set of skills and techniques, often aimed at controlling subordinates' behaviour. In the recent past, however, leadership theory tends to emphasize the need for leaders to reflect on themselves, their subordinates' needs, different modalities and approaches, at different times. One such theoretical model, which can begin the process of explaining variations in systems of management and leadership, is the situational theory. An important step in the evolution of knowledge about leadership was the creation of the contingency or situational theory. According to this theory of leadership, the situation determines the best style. The four most influential contingency models of leadership used in this study are Fiedler's contingency model, Hersey and Blanchard's situational model, House's path-goal model, and the Vroom-Yetton-Jago leader-participation model. In this study, the four situational models were used to ascertain whether superintendents of education (management) in the eThekwini Region can and do use different leadership styles in different situations. The researcher identified three variables in the work situation that help determine which leadership style will be effective, namely leader-subordinate relations, task structure and the leader's position power. As the researcher gathered more data from a variety of survey methods such as participant observation, an attitudinal questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews, it was found that effective superintendents not only managed downward but were also effective in lateral relationships with subordinates. The aim of the study, therefore, was to discover whether the participants were adept at recognizing the requirements of the situation and the needs of their subordinates, and then adjusting their own leadership style accordingly. A basic feature of the situational or contingency theory of leadership, envisaged in this study, is that it seeks to emancipate superintendents from their dependency on practices that are the product of precedent, habit and tradition by developing modes of analysis and enquiry that are aimed at exposing and examining the beliefs, values and assumptions implicit in the theoretical framework through which superintendents organize their experiences. The study shows that it is only by challenging the adequacy of conventional theories of leadership practice that the observations, interpretations and judgments of superintendents will become more rational and coherent and their practices will be conducted in effective ways. By subjecting the beliefs and justifications of existing and ongoing practical traditions to rational analysis, theory transforms practice by transforming the ways in which practice is experienced and understood. Superintendents of Education (Management) based in the eThekwini Region are operating in one of the most dynamic and complex educational enviromnents in KwaZulu-Natal, one where many variables have an enormous influence on their main task, namely to achieve the goals and objectives of the Education Department. In this context, a whole new vista of leadership can be explored. Leadership is fundamentally the task of these superintendents to direct the activities and performance of subordinates, such as principals of schools, so that the objectives of the Department can be attained. In its simplest form, leadership is the relationship and interaction between the superintendent and his or her subordinate. In setting up the study, the researcher provided for the participation of superintendents and principals. The new political dispensation in South Africa is characterized by a host of variables that can be classified under what is known as 'transformation', In an educational landscape that is undergoing fundamental change, superintendents no longer have the luxury of relying on generic administrative approaches, technical skills, and management functions. To this end, this study makes the point that the success of the current education system is not necessarily due to the superintendents' competence as managers but rather to their ability as leaders. Turning superintendents into educational leaders so that they can become better managers is one of the underlying principles behind this study. The real challenge facing superintendents is to combine strong leadership and strong management and use each to balance the other. Research on leadership is moving in many directions and new lines of enquiry are opening up in an effort to construct the ultimate leadership model. International research shows that high impact leaders do not rely solely on the structural approach. These leaders consciously reflect on, study and develop their leadership practices to meet the demands of today's evolving education enviromnent. Recent studies suggest that effective superintendents take time and effort to manage their relationships with their subordinates. For multiple leadership roles to work together,the actions of superintendents must be carefully coordinated by strategies that differ from those coordinating traditional management roles. Such strategies, the researcher believes, help create a corporate culture where superintendents value strong leadership and strive to create it. Institutionalizing a leadership-centred culture is the ultimate act of leadership. The researcher believes that this study has the potential to challenge superintendents to play a more meaningful and appropriate role in the transformation of educational leadership. It was with this in mind that an analysis of the theory and practice of leadership in education with a particular reference to superintendents of education (management) in the eThekwini Region of KwaZulu-Natal Department of Education and Culture was visited by the researcher.
The association of political will with performance of selected municipalities in South Africa.
(2015) Moshikaro, Asaph Mongwegela.; Penceliah, Yoganandee.
The study aimed to establish the association of political will with performance: a study of selected Municipalities in South Africa in the wake of continued service delivery lapses. The review of literature revealed that there is a paucity of substantial research on the relationship of political will and performance in Municipalities globally and in South Africa. This study sought to fill that knowledge gap. Post-apartheid South Africa faces a major challenge in ensuring that Municipalities provide optimal and professional services to citizens of diverse cultures. A comparative analysis of the four Southern African countries’ service delivery (including South Africa) seems to be a microcosm of a situation that pervades Africa, except for a few exceptions. To study the association of political will with performance: a study of selected Municipalities in South Africa, various qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were employed to collect data, namely, demographic data, opinions, intensity and salience of political will, Municipal performance issues, Municipal experts’ comments, integrated development programmes (IDPs), Annual Reports, Auditor Report (2014), legislative and policy documents and an integrated approach to service delivery at local government level. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data under the relevant themes presented an integrated as well as a holistic view of the study. The study’s empirical findings and results revealed that an association between political will and Municipal performance was found to be qualitatively and quantitatively significant, namely, that there is a connection (i.e. from a quantitative perspective) between political will and Municipal performance (56.5%) is a fair positive response that is supported by qualitative findings. In other words, Councillors and Municipal Managers, who are politicians, understood their political will and were accountable for Municipal performance. Among others, as improvement of Municipal performance in the local government matches the rise or increase of the level of political will amongst political leaders, therefore, further studies of cause and effect of these variables are recommended. As the study was limited to only two provinces in South Africa, it is recommended that, inter alia, that further broad studies, perhaps longitudinal, in all South African provinces are undertaken for validation of the findings and results as well as reproducibility of this study.
Challenges of government-to-government e-government: a case study of KwaZulu-Natal department of transport.
(2015) Abdulla, Mohamed Irshad.; Wissink, Henry Frank.; McArthur, Brian Walter.
e-Government (e-Gov) is the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to enhance government service delivery to citizens. Government-to-Government (G2G) is a type of e-Gov concerned with the use of ICT within a government department or across different government departments. e-Gov is plagued by high failure rates and therefore faces challenges that inhibit governments from leveraging ICT to its fullest potential. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore and understand e-Gov challenges, focusing on G2G in particular. A qualitative research methodology was used, with a case-study research design. The research site was the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Transport. A conceptual framework comprising e-Gov and public management models and theories was used to interpret the data and reach conclusions. This research has shown that departmental e-Gov policy and the e-Gov quality management framework are foundational requirements for successful implementation. The challenges facing G2G in the KZN DoT can be considered as three layers with various inter-relations between the layers. The outer layer of challenges (sub-themes of strategy, usability, complexity, HR skills, resistance, systems development methodology, management support and data quality) must firstly be addressed, followed by the middle layer of challenges (themes of Addressing User Requirements, Business Process Management, Change Management, User Involvement, Organisational Culture and Priority); once this has been achieved, the central challenge facing G2G (User Adoption) is likely to be addressed. User Adoption was found to be the central challenge facing G2G since the lack of user adoption means that the intended benefits of G2G cannot be realised. By addressing these three layers, challenges related to Technology Infrastructure are solved in the process, although various other underlying issues related to Technology Infrastructure were identified. This research has addressed gaps in the literature on understanding the current challenges facing G2G as a particular form of e-Gov, and specifically how it is approached within a South African provincial government context. It has also bridged the gap between e-Gov and public management research, as each research domain has traditionally considered e-Gov independently. Finally, from a methodological perspective, this study contributes to the lack of qualitative research on e-Gov.
Devolution and empowerment through the local government system in Uganda : a case study of Hoima District local Government.
(2004) Patrick, Isingoma Mwesigwa.; Reddy, Purshottama Sivanarain.
Decentralisation has not only transformed the structure of government but has also fundamentally altered the political landscape in Uganda. Since 1986, the country has witnessed a gradual but comprehensive transfer of power, responsibilities and resources from the centre to local governments. The exercise began as a shift from appointed to elected councillors and leaders, initially of resistance committees, and then later of local councils that have been formed in rural areas and urban wards as vehicles for local government and popular participation. Decentralisation has also appeared in the form of devolution of major functional responsibilities such as primary education, health, water and sanitation, and rural feeder roads from the centre to local governments. Indeed scholars and planners who subscribe to the ideology of centrifugalism as a prominent management and planning discourse have seen this level of decentralization as a fundamental point of departure towards institutionalization of a level of reform which seeks to transfer political, administrative, financial and planning authority from the centre to local governments. Many have also seen it as the right direction towards the promotion of popular participation, empowering local people to make their own decisions and generally enhancing the levels of accountability and responsibility within the local communities. Nevertheless the process of decentralisation has not entirely been a bed of roses. Despite the existence of abundant goodwill on the part of the national political leadership, lack of civic competence, apathy, disillusionment and fatigue are some of the debilitating factors that have combined to render citizen participation generally unattainable. Moreover, because decentralisation has tended to be a top-down approach, participation has largely been seen as a government obligation rather than as a people-driven process. Lack of both financial and human resources have compounded the situation. Districts have consistently lacked sufficient financial resources to run decentralised functions because of a tax base, which is so narrow that revenue to districts is basically limited to graduated personal tax and grants from the Central Government. Inspite of the existence of the above shortcomings, democratic decentralisation remains the only viable answer in the quest for good _governance, active local government and an empowered local population. This study analyses the process of devolution in Uganda with the aim of identifying the underlying constraints that continue to impinge on it, and proposing ways and means of ameliorating them. Using Hoima district local _government as a case study and results from the national service delivery survey conducted by the Uganda Ministry of Public Service in the year 2000, the study highlights most of these constraints, prominent among which are poor service delivery, lack of community participation, inadequate financial and human resources, a narrow local tax base, a weak civil society, and underscores the need to ameliorate them if devolution is to attain the anticipated results. The first part of the study examines some of the theories, concepts and views that underpin the policy of decentralisation and sets the pace for its contextualisation. The second part looks at the deeper process of decentralisation by analyzing the structures and institutionalization of local government in Uganda and highlighting critical issues that are pertinent in local government management and development. The study argues that while enormous goodwill exists on the part of the national political leadership, devolution in Uganda and local government development generally are still beset by a range of factors that include weaknesses within the institutional structures mandated to actualize the policy. Centric tendencies are still pervasive with the unfortunate results of stalling the pace of transformation especially in the financial sector. The third part dwells on the research methodology used, the nature and extent-of data collected, the sampling techniques applied and how these affected the outcome of the study. This part also highilg!lts the findings of the study, which are discussed and the-causative factors analyzed. The fourth and last part focuses mainly on recommendations arising out of the conclusions, with particular emphasis on key areas that require urgent action. It also identifies areas for further research and suggests how such research would assist in expanding the scope and understanding of the subject under study. This study cautions against the tendency to .romanticise devolution as the new-found solution for past and current institutional and socio-economic distortions and argues that devolution itself can make state institutions more responsive to the needs of the communities, but only if it allows local people to hold public servants accountable and ensures their participation in the development process.
Die administrasie van die Universiteit van Durban- Westville.
(1984) Bezuidenhout, Dawid Petrus.; Coetzee, W. A. J.
No abstract available.
Employee fraud and prevention strategies at universities in KwaZulu-Natal.
(2015) Sivnarain, Ranesh.; Ferreira, Ignatius Wilhelm.; Wissink, Henry Frank.
The results of continuing global research, including this study, have found that employee fraud is ubiquitous. An analysis of the crime statistics relating to fraud in South Africa reflects a similar picture. This study delved into employee fraud at universities in KwaZulu-Natal by evaluating the nature and causes of this phenomenon as well as the preventative measures that are, or should be, implemented to obviate the risk of fraud at universities. The study of fraud and corruption at universities in KwaZulu-Natal represents a microcosm of such crimes at national and international universities. The objectives of this study were to gain knowledge and understanding of the causes and nature of employee fraud and to establish other measures that could prevent fraud as well as to propose a conceptual model and recommendations which universities could use to prevent fraud. In order to achieve these objectives, the study included an extensive review of recent and relevant literature, an empirical survey, review of case files and interviews with knowledgeable individuals in the field of fraud risk management. In addition, the study provides an overview of historical and philosophical origins of the theoretical concepts and frameworks and models relating to employee fraud, fraud risk management, internal controls and governance of fraud risks. Results indicate that employee fraud is considered a risk to the sustainability of higher education, vis-à-vis the provision of tertiary education to the community. A conceptual model is proposed to address employee fraud at universities. The conceptual input/output transformational systems model adapted from Easton (A systems analysis of political life (1979)) was utilised as a sophisticated addition to the set of recommendations provided in the last chapter. Despite its particular shortcomings, this model would be useful as a concept clarifier to those entrusted with designing and implementing policy at universities destined to elevate the fraud prevention process. The conceptual model advocates a holistic approach to prevent fraud. In responding to stakeholder demands to combat fraud, universities should implement specific policies that would transform any such dysfunctionalities within its operations to enable it to achieve its predetermined educational goals. Supplementary to the adapted input/output transformational systems model for prevention of fraud and corruption at universities in KwaZulu-Natal, a set of recommendations is proposed that is intended to provide policy-makers with information about the inputs from the environments that impact the achievement of goals and that proposes a conversion mechanism which could support achieving, maintaining and enhancing of predetermined goals. The prevention of employee fraud would be beneficial to all stakeholders, such as the community, government and universities, nationally and internationally.
An evaluation of the financial process operating in the Department of Education and Culture of the Administration : House of Delegates.
(1988) Garbharran, Hari Lall.; Coetzee, W. A. J.
No abstract available.
An evaluation of the outcomes-based education policy in public schools in the Empangeni region.
(2002) Ngubane, Mpilo Brilliance.; Sing, Deoram.
This thesis aimed at evaluating Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) policy in public schools in the Empangeni Region. Although South Africa is now a free and democratic country with a new system of education, some inequalities still exist among public schools which make it very difficult for them to implement OBE policy in the same way. It is therefore necessary to evaluate how educators view OBE policy. This research aimed at finding out (a) the policy measures that apply to OBE as a policy, (b) the extent to which normative factors apply in the implementation of education policy, (c) factors that hinder or promote effective implementation of OBE policy in public schools and (d) the model that can be recommended for the effective implementation of OBE policy. For purposes of orientation of the study it had to be located within its background which motivated it. The field of education in South Africa has always experienced problems especially with its policies. Some of these problems motivated the researcher to undertake this study and because of their significance they had to be stated in this research. The statement of the problem provided a foundation within which the aims of the study were explained. The significance of any research cannot be overemphasized. However, this one becomes even more significant because it comes up at a crucial period in South African education. This is a period when policies that were implemented in the country after 1994 should be evaluated. It is true that not all problems that relate to education policy can be solved at once. This therefore necessitated that delimitation of the study be clearly stated. There is virtually no study without its limitations, especially if it has to be done in public schools. These limitations were stated. For the purposes of clarity the terms that were constantly used in the study were defined and explained. The demarcation of the study provided a clear picture of the outline of chapters. The study had to be contextualized within the existing theoretical and conceptual perspectives that apply to public policy, policy-making process and OBE policy. Theory had to be drawn from different sources to find out whether OBE policy does adhere to the expectations of public policy in general. The policy-making process is one area that plays a very important role in the success of the implementation process. This necessitated that OBE policy be evaluated in terms of whether it followed necessary policy processes before and during its implementation. It also became necessary to present critical viewpoints on OBE policy as understood by its critics. This criticism culminated in the Revised National Curriculum Statement which was also discussed in great details in this study. This study had to outline the research methods and techniques used. The nature of the study necessitated the use of only questionnaires and interview schedule to elicit information from educators. It is true that there is no single research instrument without its limitations. It is for this reason that information obtained through the questionnaire had to be validated through the interview schedule. The researcher presented, analyzed and discussed research findings at the same time. The nature of the study enabled the use of tables and frequency distribution to present data. Because there was a lot of information to analyze, it sufficed to use descriptive statistical analysis. Discussion of data entailed interpretation and integration of data based on its presentation and analysis. In drawing conclusions the researcher realized that the present South African education system still has problems. To obviate these problems recommendations were made to the government, the education department in KZN and schools. This research culminated into a model of implementation which is the researcher's own creation intended to help all stakeholders have a clear direction in the implementation of OBE policy. The researcher did not only experience challenges inherent in the research process but also professional development. This learning experience is discussed as reflections on learning.
An evaluation of water and sanitation provision by Uthukela Water in selected districts of KwaZulu-Natal.
(2011) Thabethe, Prince Dumisani.; Reddy, Purshottama Sivanarain.
This research study is about the evaluation of UThukela Water on the provision of water and sanitation services in Amajuba District and UMzinyathi District municipalities, which form part of uThukela catchment basin in KwaZulu-Natal. Water and sanitation services have been the responsibility of local municipalities, mostly in favour of the white minority during the apartheid regime. The new democratic era which saw the dawn of the country’s new demarcations thus changing municipal boundaries, also forced the government to ensure that all basic services are equally provided across the country’s regional and racial groups, posing a big challenge in service delivery particularly to the South African Local governments. The transformation from apartheid to democracy based local governments led to the establishment of district municipalities, who then took over the responsibility for water and sanitation services and attained the water services authority status. The government of national unity promulgated and established a few statutory frameworks to ensure proper service delivery and transformation in the Local Government sphere, outlined below. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa which is the Supreme Law of the country, which gave Local Governments the status of being independent spheres of government in the new South African democratic order. The Local Government Transition Act 209 of 1993 gave profound direction towards the transformation of local government. Other enabling legislations that were passed to remove discriminatory measures of apartheid and ensure that service delivery in the Local Government is equitably delivered, were: The Municipal Demarcation Act 1998 (Act 27 of 1998); The Local Government: Municipal Systems Act 2000 (Act 32 of 2000); Local Government: Municipal Structures Act (Act) and the Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act 2003 (Act 56 of 2003). The transformation of Local Government had two main aims. The first was to move away from racialbased local governments towards non-biased and non-racial institutions which will serve both rural and vii urban communities within a municipal area. The second was to deliver municipal services to the majority of South Africans that were previously deprived of such basic services under the apartheid regime. The intentions were good; however, local government is still faced with various challenges such as limited resources, including human, financial, and technological resources, rapid population growth, dilapidated infrastructure, and shortage of skills. These shortages have negatively impacted on the provision of water and sanitation services in both rural and urban areas. The backlogs for basic services in the rural areas are quite severe. Further challenges regarding water and sanitation provision include low payments for services, high prevalence of HIV & AIDS amongst the workforce (skilled employees), and poverty. This research sets out to evaluate the role of UThukela Water, which is a Municipal entity established to provide water and sanitation services on behalf of Amajuba and UMzinyathi District Municipalities. The powers of the districts as stated by Section 84 of the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act 2000 (Act 32 of 2000) are amongst others, water supply, bulk sewerage purification and disposal, and solid waste disposal in the area of the district. It became evident in this research that district municipalities lack capacity to deliver water and sanitation services. This was due to a shortage of skills, lack of human, financial and technological resources. Given this lack of capacity, UThukela Water was established to expedite water and sanitation since delivery. UThukela Water inherited infrastructural backlogs, received inadequate funding from municipalities, faced much political interference and moreover, was directed and managed by inexperienced personnel. Hence there was no monitoring of performance of staff and no oversight function exercised by the parent municipalities. Some of the deficiencies could have been avoided or reduced had the establishment of UThukela Water been more appropriate and transparent to all stakeholders. Arising from the cited drawbacks, the provision of water and sanitation services at Amajuba and UMzinyathi districts have been seriously compromised: serious protests and riots are an indication of the communities’ dissatisfaction. This research cuts across a number of disciplines, including social service, economics, political science and public administration. It became imperative therefore that the legislations governing water industry be analysed, the institutions that use water be discussed, the capacity of water services authorities be investigated, the ability of staff to execute duties be checked and the impact of political influence or interference be discussed. This meant studying similar institutions, the relevant legislations and literature. In this study, the fundamentals of municipal entities were researched and compared with regard to their establishments, management and operations. Over and above studying municipal entities, the researcher focused on UThukela Water’s performance in the provision of water and sanitation services. The study led to the comparison of UThukela Water (Pty) Ltd with other Water Boards and other Public-Private-Partnerships. The comparison confirmed that the success of these institutions depends on the availability of skills, finance, and sound governance. In this study, relevant literature was studied to gain a better understanding of the impact of local government to the communities. Relevant South African legislation was analysed and reviewed. Surveys by the researcher were analysed and presented. Literature was reviewed by the researcher. All these data sources confirm that UThukela Water (Pty) Ltd has a number of serious short comings regarding infrastructure backlogs, shortage of skills, financial constraints, shortage of human resources, monitoring and evaluation. Stretching the entity even more is the fact that it is owned by three different municipalities whose political powers are changing hands between two rival political parties i.e. the African National Congress and Inkatha Freedom Party. This on its own caused management problems, coordination failures, communication problems and stakeholder participation failures, and lack of continuity. It would have been easier if the political power was to be vested in one political party within a municipality for a period of at least five years without changing, and more so if all the three municipalities were from the same political party for at least five years. Political will and fewer financial constraints are vital ingredients that impact on effective and efficient service delivery. The provision of water and sanitation services can improve considerably if political power can be used to leverage financial constraint which could translate into sourcing required skills, extending infrastructure and giving water to more people. A study of this nature would be inadequate without providing recommendations. Several recommendations basically to improve the provision of water and sanitation services by UThukela Water (Pty) Ltd have been proposed. These recommendations are: re-aligning and reconfiguring UThukela Water (Pty) Ltd; changing the culture of the organisation; managing customer relations effectively; improving water demand management strategies; making provision for new dams; implementing bulk water controls; initiating and implementing infrastructural rehabilitation programmes; improving revenue generation strategies; improving business systems; affording customers multiple options of service levels; removing limitations to access of service levels and engaging in public education. It is envisaged that the adoption of these research findings and implementation of the proposed recommendations will produce the municipal entity that responds to people’s needs by delivering effective and efficient services. Therefore communities can proudly live to the theme “Water is life and Sanitation is dignity”. Since most of the flaws emanated from the failure of shareholders or parent municipalities to exercise oversight function, monitoring and evaluating the performance of uThukela Water, a Policy Board Model of governance was proposed in this study. It cannot be over emphasised that when a municipal entity is established, its founders or lead consultants must consult and involve all stakeholders and thus design the entity properly. Critical factors for effective governance are, the appointment of board members with all the necessary expertise e.g. experts in social science, law, finance and business. The board must be competent in financial management, and must be able to give strategic direction to management. It must approve policies that provide framework for effective performance from senior management down to general workers. Should these critical factors and elements be ignored, the entity is doomed to fail and therefore will perform dismally in its mandate to deliver water and sanitation services to the people.
Factors impacting on good governance : a case study of service delivery in child abuse within the eThekwini Municipal District of KwaZulu-Natal.
(2010) Maharaj, Dhunkumarie.; Sing, Deoram.
Good governance is the only mechanism available to provide for the basic social needs of communities within a normative and ethical paradigm. Good governance in South Africa is based on the tenets of the Batho Pele (People First) principles and practices. The primary aim of this study is to determine the factors impacting on good governance utilizing a case study of service delivery in child abuse in the eThekwini Municipal District of the KwaZulu-Natal Province. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the Bill of Rights in Chapter 2, provides for the protection of all children from abuse in South Africa. There have been several policies that were developed to realize this constitutional commitment. Despite these developments, and South Africa achieving a democratic order since 1994, the abuse of children continues to occur in the eThekwini Municipal District, in large numbers as has been revealed in this research study. This research study has illustrated that the barriers to good governance in the delivery of services to children who are abused are several. They stem from structural, strategic and operational gaps that are prevalent and that have an adverse impact on the accessibility and quality of service delivery to all communities, at the coalface. The researcher is of the believe therefore that turnarounds to address these challenges of achieving good governance practices in service delivery in child abuse, will only be met from a wide range of actions involving all spheres of government at the strategic helm and the various government and nongovernmental sectors at an operational level. The processes of governance in the delivery of services in child abuse in the eThekwini Municipal District is riddled with problems and anomalies that emanate from the barrierladen structural positioning and the ineffective leadership role of provincial strategic governance structures in so far as strategic direction in this priority area of child protection, is concerned. The outcome of any service delivery program through the processes of good governance, according to current policy mandates, is that beneficiaries of services achieve sustainable development and this could only be achieved if there is a holistic services delivered to the client system. This has not happened in service delivery in child abuse in the eThekwini Municipal District. Services were fragmented and duplication occurred as the different state sectors responsible for service delivery were in the main, operating in silos. Governance in service delivery seemed to lack direction due to the absence of an intersectoral strategic planning process. There was no strategic plan to inform operations on the ground and which it is proposed, would have facilitated child protection organizations to acquire separate budgets for resource acquisition, to facilitate and support efficient, effective, economical and sustainable service delivery. In actual fact, there were no separate budgets to fund services in child abuse by the different sectors. There were therefore very limited programs available for services to child abuse victims. There was no service delivery improvement plan for child protection which is the priority area within which services in child abuse is provided for. This according to the National Policy Framework and Strategic Plan for the Prevention and Management of Child Abuse, (2004), was supposed to be the strategic core function of the Provincial Department of Social Development. There is a clear indication that this strategic governance structure has not complied with the mandate of the Public Service Regulation, 2001 by ensuring that there was a service delivery improvement plan in place for child abuse services that was well known to service providers for the period of this study. One can then from this prevailing situation conclude, that the public service policies and legislation had not been complied with in this regard at a provincial level. This had led to the lack of leadership that existed in service delivery in child abuse at the local community level. A consequence of this shortcoming was that each state department developed its own sectoral operational plans and rendered services according to these sectoral plans that were geared to meet the sectoral need which in a manner, entrenched fragmented service delivery and had resulted in victims of child abuse being exposed to secondary abuse by service providers. The present constitutional provision is that service delivery in child abuse be managed as a national and provincial responsibility under the umbrella of child care and protection services. The Public Works Department is responsible for infrastructure development for these sectors at the local level. The study has revealed that the biggest challenge to accessibility of services in rural areas was the lack of basic infrastructure of roads, electricity, telephones and safe environments, the constitutional responsibility of which is the core function of local government. The local sphere of governance does not play a role in ensuring that structural barriers to good governance in service delivery in child abuse are included in their Intergrated Development Plans (IDP), for the simple reason that it is not a constitutional functionality of this sphere of government. There is in practice, no plan in place, to address the structural barriers to improve accessibility of services in child abuse in rural areas, due to the exclusion of local government structures in this process. This arrangement is an anomalie which exacerbates the problem of poor governance in service delivery in child abuse. The attempts of decentralizing social service delivery was not achieving the purpose of taking services to the community, as the decentralized service points were still not within reach of people because of the great distances between communities and service points. Furthermore, these services only operated in the day and not after hours when it is presumed that more abuse happens, and the employed members of communities are able to assist child victims and their support systems to seek help. The study has revealed that some best practice policies such as the KwaZulu-Natal Multidisciplinary Protocol on Child Abuse and Neglect, has come into disuse in the province. The best practice model of the Thuthuzela Care Centre, was currently being piloted in two different hospitals. Communities serviced by the two hospitals running this programme, benefitted from a multi-disciplinary service provided by intersectoral roleplayers. This program is led by the National Prosecuting Authority whose aim was to improve the conviction rate of perpetrators of abuse. It has been established that funding for this programme was obtained through international donor funding. Two very significant factors emerged in this research study with regard to policy development in child abuse, and they are worth noting. The first was a reliance on international donor funding for policy development by individual government and non-governmental sectors. This has compelled policy developers then to comply with meeting the requirements of donor agencies, instead of that of the community. There was a lack of a participative governance approach through the inclusion of the local communities in these initiatives. It does appear as though policy development in child abuse service delivery was heavily influenced by global partners in governance, instead. Secondly, while good governance policies were developed such as the KwaZulu-Natal Multi-disciplinary Protocol on Child Abuse and Neglect, its implementation was not supported nor monitored by the responsible strategic governance structure and this resulted in such policies being ineffective. The policy review process as well was not fully participative and did not promote local community input. While politicians have focused on policy development in response to an externally identified need other than that of the affected community, there has been no provision for the required resources and strategic leadership for ensuring coordinated holistic accessible service delivery. Neither has there been provision for oversight and support services to ensure that implementation happens at a community level. While the Department of Social Development is mandated to be the lead department in matters of child abuse, it seems not to have strongly positioned itself in this regard. This department assumed a weak position in so far as taking on responsibility for leading and directing services to children who are abused. There are too many different policies that are developed by the national department and handed to the province for implementation in local communities. Some of these policies address a similar aspect of service except that it comes from a different sector. This has caused a great deal of confusion on the ground as to which was the relevant policy to implement. There appears to be a rigorous attempt at policy formulation and development with very little regard to the support resources such as additional staff, equipment and the required intensity of training for key personnel. It has led to frustrations felt by intersectoral service providers at grassroots. Child abuse is a phenomenon of living and that requires crisis intervention by significant role-players at a grassroots level when it occurs. The study has revealed that important sectors who impact on the daily lives of people have been excluded from the governance processes. These structures are local government, the house of traditional affairs, business, cultural and religious organizations and the local community. The researcher proposes the utilization of the Governance Model in public administration which should be primarily community based and include all local governance structures. It therefore supports the bottom-up intersectoral approach in its modis operandi. Furthermore, service delivery should be provided from a one-stop centre under the leadership of a project manager. The model embraces ethical and normative theoretical practices within a democratic and developmental paradigm. This model repositions the strategic planning responsibility to local governance structures and proposes that the provincial structures assume a monitoring and oversight role which should be participative and which should include community representation.
Globalisation and its impact on the governance of local authorities : a case study of the eThekwini Municipality.
(2004) Ramlachan, Premlall Kissoonchand.; Moodley, Sathiasiven.
This study focuses on globalisation and its impact on the governance of local authorities, with particular reference to the eThekwini Municipality. The research is topical and relevant to the times. Currently, local government and administration in South Africa is undergoing restructuring and transformation in accordance with key national policies and recent legislative mandates. The restructuring of local government has been driven by the process of democratization and re-distribution. This drive has changed local government boundaries, introduced new structures and systems and re-orientated planning and the general environment. This phase in the transformation represents a fresh and final opportunity for local government to transform itself in a manner that will achieve sustainable and a developmental local government that will improve the quality of life of all South Africans economically, politically, socially, culturally and technologically. New conceptual frameworks, and new ways of dealing with problems and challenges have been introduced and the process of giving effect to the changes is bound to continue for some time into the foreseeable future. As South Africa confronts critical domestic challenges of economic growth and job creation, meeting basic needs, alleviating poverty, developing its people and ensuring a safe and secure environment, it continues to deliberate in international forums such as Southern African Development Community (SADC) and New Partnership on Africa's Development (NEPAD), and perform other global responsibilities. Globalisation is commonly portrayed as a multi-faceted phenomenon with trends in trade, technology, international capital movements and multi-national organizations all moving towards the creation of a new autonomous and homogenous global economic realm. In simple terms it demands that trends being developed by Local xvm Government keep abreast of what is happening in other countries throughout the World. Globalisation has brought into sharp focus the rapidly evolving functions of "regionalisation" in the World. The ease with which goods, services and finances are sourced has impacted on how the world operates. On a negative level, it has resulted in growing inequalities and polarization between more localities and regions that are able to engage and compete within the global economy and those who are unable to. Within the current political framework in South Africa's core principles, basic systems, and procedures are designed to encourage and facilitate community participation and strengthen local governance, management and development. This would allow for progressive steps towards social and economic upliftment of communities as envisaged in the White Paper on Local Government. Good governance and democracy are essential to ensure maximum participation and ownership of the decision making process at the local level. Moreover, key pillars of the strategy at the eThekwini Municipality are meeting basic needs, strengthening the economy and building skills and improving technology. In local government the emergence of a uniquely South African organization and leadership culture that recognizes the values and skills inherent in our cultural diversity is fundamental in sustaining the trends of globalisation. This holistic differences in approach should be viewed as a unique competitive advantage that improves the quality of decisionmaking. This study recognizes that South Africa needs to participate positively within the global community as a key player while addressing a multitude of domestic challenges. The study was conceptualized within a framework of globalisation and its fit into the paradigm of local governance. It also focuses on the traditional, innovative and global xix approaches to public administration and focuses on the impact and relevance to globalisation. The positive and negative implications of globalisation are highlighted and recommendations are made on the basis that South Africa and more particularly the eThekwini Municipality cannot ignore globalisation. Globalisation is here to stay and South Africa must plat its role within the global context. The study attempts to bridge the gap between theory and practice of globalisation. As South Africa deliberates within the African Union and embarks on the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) while confronting domestic challenges, it also has to perform global responsibilities. The research instruments and techniques used in this study consisted of theoretical search, empirical survey and data interpretation. The empirical survey captures the understanding of globalisation, responses within the core themes of each hypotheses, overall objectives and relationship between core themes. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used. The study proposes and makes valuable recommendations for globalisation and its impact on the governance of local authorities. For the eThekwini Municipality to conform to these domestic and global trends the following recommendations should be considered: • Embrace globalisation as a fact and view it as a challenge for Africa. • Develop effective public-private partnerships, which will sustain the impact of local governance. • Enhance information technology, knowledge, skills and competencies. • Develop regional agreements for local and global cities. • Provide training to improve capacities to contribute towards organizational effectiveness. • To make the global economy more sustainable and inclusive in the developing countries. xx • Develop local leadership to meet the globalisation challenge. • Institute structural and institutional adjustment for developmental local government. • The eThekwini Municipality must emulate best practices of global cities. • Establish globalisation committee to keep abreast of the globalisation issues. • Use cultural diversity to improve the quality of decision-making. • Although the eThekwini has a generally well-developed infrastructural system, it is largely concentrated within the urban core and its principal development corridors. This system needs to be extended, maintained and upgraded if the core and periphery areas of eThekwini are to become integrated, support internationally competitive partners and attract new alliances. • Twinning of cities is an important measure to monitor global trends and alliances. • Further research and studies into the trends and influences of globalisation as applied with local authorities needs to be undertaken.
Good food security governance extension workers in KZN : a public administration perspective.
(2014) Mohamed Sayeed, Cheryl Natasha.; Reddy, Purshottama Sivanarain.
This study responds to the question, “To what extent are the aims of the food security amongst Extension Workers within KwaZulu Natal being achieved within a good governance agenda?”. The main objective has been to firstly, understand the link between good governance, professionalism, service delivery and food security. Secondly, the objective is to review the existing food security policy and priorities for responding to the challenges of the National Development Plan and Millennium Development Goals. Thirdly, the objective is to contribute to new policy relevant knowledge on the potential impact of good governance, professionalism and service delivery on the achievement of food security in the Province. The empirical study was completed by way of a survey undertaken amongst the Extension Workers and their District Managers employed in the South Region of the KwaZulu Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs (KZN DAEA). Two data collection methods were used. Firstly, a self-administered questionnaire was used to determine the extent to which good food security governance was being achieved amongst Extension Workers. Secondly, interviews with the District Managers in the South Region and the Provincial General Manager: Strategic Support Services, were conducted to solicit information on strategies in place to ensure good food security governance compliance by Extension Workers. The concept of good governance is used as the basis of the assessment and endorses the World Bank Framework for good governance as a lens for assessing the successes and failures of good food security governance in South Africa. The empirical study revealed that regular reporting and accounting is the practice within the KZN DAEA, and is managed through a system of verbal and written reports. The problem arises out of the disjuncture between the legislative guidelines, the policy frameworks, the strategic frameworks, against the abilities of the Extension Workers to work within the ambit of these guidelines. This disjuncture amongst Extension Workers comes largely out of their lack of understanding of the contents of such policies. As a result, the study found that this creates a disability amongst Extension Workers as implementers of food security related strategies. The empirical study thus revealed that despite clear targets being set and regular accounting being the practice of the KZN DAEA, the focus is on compliance rather than on stimulating real development. As a result, the essence of “extension” is lost. The study makes a number of recommendations. Firstly, the finalisation of the proposed Food Security Policy currently under discussion is seen as a priority. Secondly, the adoption of a brief induction programme, or policy awareness workshops, by the KZN DAEA, as part of their training programmes, is seen as essential to translate the key areas of the legislative mandates to Extension Workers. The incorporation of accountability and transparency mechanisms into all the activities of the functioning of Extension workers is the third recommendation. Fourth, the mainstreaming of monitoring and evaluation is seen as a crucial component for overall successful policy implementation. This, the study argues has the potential to improve the levels of professionalism displayed by Extension Workers. Fifth, it is recommended that Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) offering Agriculture Extension network with each other and government bodies to offer programmes and courses that are more appropriate for the implementation of public policies. Recommendation six and seven call for the adoption of a broader more systemic and holistic view of poverty and food insecurity as the attainment of food security can no longer be viewed as an exclusive agricultural issue. Eighth, it is recommended that an Extension Framework be adopted to revert to the tradition behind Extension methodologies. Last, it is recommended that Extension Workers be registered to a professional body in order to enhance the dissemination of the key values, roles and responsibilities of the Extension Worker. In conclusion, this study has shown that government needs to benchmark the advantages and disadvantages of institutional arrangements for good food security governance. Furthermore, whilst no one measure can be seen as the solution to the problems, it offers an opportunity to move in the direction of poverty reduction and food security. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in public administration and the food security discourse.
Impact of strategic communication policy on service delivery and good governance within KwaZulu-Natal Department of Sport and Recreation.
(2014) Singh, Bhoowan Prakash.; Subban, Mogesperie.
Strategic communication within the public sector is a direct determinant of the quality of service delivery provided to the constituency of the current regime. As a critical tool of good governance, the effectiveness of the communication strategy is directly dependent on the quality of the communication policy. The aim of this research study is, therefore, to gauge the level of effectiveness of the current Draft Communication Policy utilized by the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Sport and Recreation (DSR), and to propose a review of the policy with the intent of refining communication strategy in the light of contemporary global practice. The key questions asked included the degree of familiarity of the DSR with e-governance, as well the contribution of strategic communication as an enabler to good governance. Furthermore, it should be noted that the linkage between Public Administration, management and policy perspectives directed the discussion on good governance within the public sector. Also, analysis of the theoretical frameworks on public policy incorporated the Systems Approach to policy-making and the South African Excellence Model, amongst others. The use of empirical methodology, incorporating the use of questionnaires, interviews and observation has been used to elicit relevant information from DSR officials and stakeholders to identify areas of communication review. This case study approach into the formulation of the DSR communication policy and strategy in the digital era, provides a ‘blueprint’ for government departments in general to achieve their goals and objectives electronically. e-Governance is the emerging mode of contemporary service delivery, and the success of digital government process is highly dependent on information technology being embedded within the communication policy. As a consequence the need for the restructuring of the DSR to regularize operations, management and functioning of the Communication Services Component (CSC) should be immediate. In essence, the formulation and adherence to the prescripts of a communication policy, and the resultant communication strategy is intended to be in keeping with the ethos of good governance in its pursuit of best practice to promote efficiency, effectiveness and value-for-money.
Impact of urbanisation on municipal services delivery with particular emphasis on the provision of water in the Durban metropolitan area.
(2000) Pillay, Pregala.; Moodley, Sathiasiven.
The main aim of this thesis was to explore the impact of urbanisation on the provision of water to the people of the Durban Metropolitan Area. The literature study revealed that urbanisation is proceeding rapidly and that the urban population in Durban will continue to grow and expand. Employment opportunities and enhanced service delivery in urban areas were two of the primary factors that attracted people to the city centres. The provision of water was identified as a growing priority in the new South Africa. It was found that whilst the privileged minority enjoyed first world lifestyles, the majority of people were poverty stricken and had little or no access to basic services. The literature as it exists reflects that local government is entrusted with a mammoth and crucial task in enhancing sustainable service delivery at affordable prices to impoverished communities. In light thereof, local government required a concerted strategy to address urban needs if it is to respond more effectively to its clientele and to the effects of urbanisation in the new millennium. The empirical study included the use of questionnaires to: - managers at the Urban strategy Unit; - managers at Durban Metro Water Services; and - two hundred subjects randomly selected from the Inanda/ Phoenix, Cato Crest / Cato Manor, Clare Estate / Reservoir Hills and Umlazi informal settlements. The data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings illustrates that an increase in urbanisation patterns has caused a decline in job opportunities and has added pressure to the local government infrastructure. The data revealed that the major obstacles to water delivery was accelerated urbanisation, lack of finance, high construction costs, high population growth rates, shortage of skilled labour, violence and crime and inadequate community participation. The empirical study revealed that people of all ages resided in the informal settlements. The majority of people were unemployed, generally had access to primary or secondary education and occupied menial jobs which were poorly remunerated. There is a need to create a National Commission on Urbanisation Development which can serve as an advisory body to government. This provision is universally recommended by urban geographers and government officials. This study calls for central government to play a more meaningful role in service delivery by strengthening the authority of local governments to raise adequate revenues to meet rising urban service needs. Central government must also provide technical assistance and training to local officials in improving tax administration, collection procedures and increasing revenues from existing and new sources. Local authorities need to improve their own performance in service delivery. This can be achieved if it has the capacity to act effectively and efficiently. Administrative structures and practices should be designed according to the services to be provided and the policies to be implemented. Furthermore, private sector involvement is crucial to ensure the provision of water to people, especially in impoverished areas.
The implementation of the Department of Education's policy on regulating private higher education.
(2002) Naicker, Tholsiavellie Socklingum.; Sing, Deoram.
Education in South Africa, in the times of the national government, had been regulated and controlled. During the 1990's, however, with the emergence of the new democratic government, the degree of control and regulation eased to allow a spirit of free enterprise. This provided entrepreneurial opportunities to engage in the provisioning of education. These opportunities proved very successful resulting in good business options. This development was not matched with any regulation or standards, consequently no mechanisms were in place that provided guidelines on personal and academic quality. In most cases private providers were not of an academic background and therefore based their practice strictly along business lines. Private providers sought accreditation from international partners. This had reciprocal benefit in that it added a sense of legitimacy and credibility to the private provider while at the same time providing financial benefit to international universities. Over time, as a result of lack of research and development in this sector it was assumed that the private sector was responsible for the loss of student numbers in the public sector. This together with the findings of the task group delegated by the Minister of Education highlighted the urgent need to regulate this sector. This resulted in a sequence of events that gave rise to the regulation policy. The policy required that private providers report on their quality assurance mechanisms. The process was two pronged namely, the application for accreditation and the application for registration. The Department, as a result of lack of capacity, had engaged SAQA (South African Qualifications Authorities) to implement the accreditation process. This was an interim process till such time the Higher Education Quality Council is fully set up. The process proved complex, the document to apply for accreditation, termed the "blue book" was not a user friendly document. This coupled with the lack of academic experience in quality assurance on the part of private providers, resulted in severe implementation problems. This study addresses the implementation process by the Department of Education. It looks at the responsibility and participation of all stakeholders in the process and attempts to identify what factors had contributed to the poor implementation. The study probes the responses from private providers in Kwa-Zulu Natal and from the regulatory authorities. The study is grounded in the literature survey. One must be mindful that this regulation process is a new development. The work of the HEQC and the Council on Higher Education is new. Currently there are web sites that outline clearly their aims, objectives, process and procedures. However, at the time of the first implementation in 1998, little information was available. The documentation was developed after the process had been implemented. This coupled with understaffing from SAQA and the DoE exacerbated the problem. This study therefore explores the implementation process. This process is now improved and changed now the Council on Higher Education has implemented the quality assurance mechanisms.
Implementation of the integrated quality management system policy in public schools in the Ugu District.
(2010) Van der Watt, Peter Gregory.; Penceliah, Yoganandee.
With the advent of democracy in South Africa in1994, a plethora of old pieces of legislation and policies have either been revised or new ones promulgated to address the gross inequalities of the apartheid state. In the context of education new policies were designed to improve the standard of education across public schools in the country. One such policy is the Integrated Quality Management System intended to support teachers in achieving quality education. Policy Design and Policy Implementation are separate concepts and it is well known that the intentions of the policy are not always achieved during implementation. It is clear that the State President, Jacob Zuma was cognizant of the disconnection between Policy and Policy Implementation when he stated at a meeting with school Principals in 2009 that “our wonderful policies that we have been implementing since 1994 have not essentially led to the delivery of quality education for the poorest of the poor”. He questioned as to why the policies have failed to deliver excellence and what should be done about it. Further, the Basic Education Minister, Angie Motshekga in her maiden Budget Speech asserted that: “The findings of Professor Jonathan Jansen’s committee on National Education Evaluation and Development Unit (NEEDU) confirms what we all know, what the view is outside there and reasons for a general lack of public confidence in our education system”. The study explores the extent to which the implementation of the Integrated Quality Management System has indeed led to the delivery of quality education. The Policy was also intended to restore public confidence in the education system and the study aims to explore the extent to which this has been achieved. The Integrated Quality Management System was intended to ensure that the State is obtaining value for the money expended on education, the largest portion being allocated to the salaries of educators. It would appear not to be the case. In this regard, a Report issued by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD 2008) found that international studies have shown that the “returns to investment” in teacher education, or the quality of performance one might expect from learners in return for money spent on educators, is very low in South Africa, to the extent that “low educator productivity has been cited as the main reason for South Africa’s relatively poor performance” It is for the above reason that the National Policy on Whole School Evaluation which includes the Integrated Quality Management System, designed to address the problems of educator performance and poor learner attainment were put under the spotlight. The success of Policy Implementation, and the possible adaptation of existing policies to ensure that the desired results are achieved are also investigated in the study. Recommendations are made as to how policy might be reviewed or changed.
Inclusive education policy and practice : investigating the educational rights and needs of learners and students with visual impairments in South Africa
(2008) Sukhraj-Ely, Praveena.; De Kadt, Raphael.
Focus This thesis investigates inclusive education policy and practice in South Africa. In this context, particular focus is given to the rights and needs of visually impaired learners and students. Background Due to the dual segregated education system, as at 2001, approximately 280 000 disabled children did not have access to education at school. The special schools system fostered inequality and discrimination of disabled learners from an early age. This stood in tension with the South African Constitution and was not in line with international trends. This ‘normative tension’ and lack of alignment with evolving international practice led to a shift towards an inclusive education system as a policy preference. Policy In 1996 the Constitution and the South African Schools Act prescribed that everyone had the right to basic education and should not be discriminated against on any grounds. Mainstream schools catered for able-bodied learners, and existing legislation did not automatically equip schools and teachers with resources and training to accommodate disabled learners. To enable directives to obtain these objectives, Education White Paper 6 was passed in 2001. This policy documented Government’s intent to implement an inclusive education system by 2021. Investigation The educational needs of visually impaired learners were identified and discussed. An analysis of White Paper 6, highlighting its strengths and limitations in light of the identified specialised educational needs, was conducted. Research was undertaken in mainstream schools, special schools and universities to assess the progress of the implementation process. Challenges impeding the process including untrained educators, insufficient funding, and no established provisioning norms were identified. Inclusive education has its foundations within social rights theory. Education, like other basic social rights is a justiciable right which the State must uphold. However, like all normative wish lists of rights, limited resources, competing claimants and policy trade-offs are inevitable, more especially in a developing country. As a result budgets, utilisation of funds and accountability of the Department of Education were also investigated. Conclusion Following an analysis of the contents of the policy and findings on the progress of the implementation process, policy recommendations- informed by the researchwere proposed.
Integrated development planning as a means to facilitate public participation in George Municipality.
(2016) Ngqele, Sandile Wiseman.; Ferreira, Ignatius Wilhelm.; Wissink, Henry Frank.
Abstract available in PDF file.
An integrated strategic approach to the implementation and management of poverty alleviation programmes in KwaZulu-Natal.
(2003) Madlopha, Fikisiwe Beatrice.; Wallis, Malcolm.
No abstract available.
Inter-organizational relations for effective policy implementation : a case study of the KwaZulu-Natal tourism implementation structure, between years 2000-2010.
(2014) Buthelezi, Sipho Bruce.; Francis, Suzanne.
In this study I explore how effective the KwaZulu-Natal tourism implementation structure has been in the management of inter-organizational relations for tourism policy implementation using an interpretive social science methodology. This study is a culmination of an intensive observation, documentary analysis and fieldwork interviews. My findings show that the lead organizations have tried to achieve reasonable consensus as they build effective implementation partnerships, but there is very little to show for it. There is little evidence that local stakeholders’ transformation, financial support and empowerment has been effectively coordinated and achieved. As a result, there has been on-going high degree of despair and uncertainty, especially at the tourism community organizational level. I also find an increased orientation towards cooperative tourism governance and management. There is also evidence of an increase in tourism establishments whose foundation is partnerships for efficiency, effectiveness, increased revenue, empowerment and sustainability. There are still ‘silos’ within tourism cooperative management in that the lead organizations and the private sector still avoid partnering and opt to achieve their own individual goals separately. The process of facilitating cooperative tourism programmes is time-consuming. Hence success might not be achieved during the term of office of municipal councils and executive management, whose terms are normally five years without guarantee of extension. In many instances, this has resulted in tourism development programmes being an unfunded mandate. However, from 2008 onwards, there has been an improvement in stakeholder/shareholder coordination, partnering, communicating and organizational relationships for tourism programmes. I credit this improvement to cooperative tourism governance and management in the build-up towards the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup. I recommend an interventionist application of a more demonstrative, participatory, transformative and facilitative kind of leadership to maximize effective inter-organizational exchanges and consensus-based decision-making for implementation.

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