Evaluating the potential of electric buses in eThekwini Municipality KwaZulu- Natal public transport network.

Abstract

This study examines the feasibility of integrating electric buses into the eThekwini Municipality's public transport network in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The research explores the technical, economic, environmental, and policy dimensions of transitioning from diesel to electric buses within a developing urban context. A qualitative case study design was employed, focusing on Go Durban, the city’s main public transport operator. This study involved 20 participants from the eThekwini Municipality's public transport ecosystem, including 7 transport officials, 5 fleet managers, 3 policy experts, and 5 commuters. This diversity ensures a comprehensive understanding of perspectives on integrating electric buses into the public transport network. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observations, and document analysis, and were analysed thematicallyusing Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework. Findings revealed that while electric buses offer substantial environmental benefits through reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved air quality, several barriers persist. Technical challenges include limited battery performance under humid and hilly conditions, as well as inadequate charging infrastructure. Economic feasibility is constrained by high capital costs and uncertain funding mechanisms, though long-term savings and employment opportunities offer promise. Environmentally, the benefits are moderated by South Africa’s coal-dependent electricity supply, raising questions about the net reduction in carbon emissions. Policy gaps, fragmented regulatory frameworks, and limited institutional coordination further hinder large-scale implementation. The study recommends targeted incentives, integrated policy reforms, investment in renewable energy-based charging systems, and strengthened public-private partnerships to support the sustainable electrification of public transport. Overall, the research underscores the importance of aligning technological innovation with economic viability, environmental responsibility, and governance readiness to achieve a resilient and sustainable transport future for eThekwini Municipality and similar urban contexts in the Global South.