Browsing by Author "Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara."
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Item Ascertaining fertility replacement levels for Southern African countries.(2014) Simelane, Portia Thandazile.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.The study set out to investigate the level of growth of populations of Southern African Countries by estimating the fertility levels, the mortality levels as well as the replacement fertility levels so as to establish if the generation of women in these countries are replacing themselves or not. This study focused on the following select countries; South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Namibia and Zimbabwe and the Demographic Health Survey Dataset (DHS) ranging between 1998 and 2007 was used for these countries in investigating the levels of growth measured by TFR. This study was a comparative analysis between countries on their fertility and mortality levels and was done by utilizing one of the most comprehensive data sources, the Demographic Health Survey Data for the individual countries. The DHS data set that has been used for each of the Southern African Countries ranges between the years 1998 and 2007. This was done to ensure that the years at which these data sets for these Southern African Countries were collected are not too far apart so as to allow comparisons between countries and avoid bias. The findings of this study from the analysis revealed that Southern African countries still boast high fertility rate levels between 2.9 and 3.8 and that all the five countries forming part of this study have a Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) that is above 1.1 children per woman. Finally, The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) at replacement level for all these countries in Southern Africa is above 2.1, in fact, it ranges between 2.7 and 3.3 for all these five countries. Recommendations were made that Local and National Governments in these developing countries should track the replacement fertility levels for their countries from time to time. This will assist in avoiding a situation whereby many governments targeting total fertility rates of 2.1 find their population in decline if such a target was reached whilst replacement fertility remained above 2.1. In addition to that, during population conferences, demographers should make it a point that issues surrounding replacement fertility levels for developing countries are discussed. Replacement fertility for developed countries, which is set at 2.1 children per woman, should therefore be used as a guideline for tracking and reporting of developing countries replacement fertility levels.Item Correlates of HIV perceived risks and protective strategies among adolescents in rural Malawi.(2011) Manyamba, Christopher.; Maharaj, Pranitha.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.The study examined correlates of HIV perceived risks and protective strategies among adolescents in rural Malawi i.e. whether there was an association between socio demographic characteristics of adolescents and subsequent HIV perceived risks and protective strategies. Age at sexual debut is a variable of interest in this study. The objectives were to investigate whether age at first sexual intercourse does influence adolescents’ individual’s risk perceptions of HIV and protective strategies, i.e. does age at first sex set a precedence in the thinking of adolescentswith regards HIV risks and protective strategies such as condom use. Data: This study uses cross sectional data from Wave 3 of a wider study, the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project (MDICP).The MDICP is a joint collaboration between researchers from the Population Studies Centre at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Malawi‘s College of Medicine and Chancellor College. In this study, a multiple regression analysis on the cross sectional data from the 2004 wave 3of the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project was done. The focus of this study is on the relationship between age at first sexual intercourse and the individual‘s perception of risk of HIV/AIDS and protective strategies, it examines if there is an association between the two factors. Descriptive analysis: Descriptive statistics to obtain the frequencies of the main variables of interest such as the background characteristics of respondents (gender, marital status, mean age at sexual debut, education, economic status of household) were computed in order to better understand the population under study. Multivariate Analysis: Three separate models were employed; two multinomial regression analysis measuring worry and likelihood of infection against socio demographic variables and a binary logistic regression measuring condom use and the socio demographic variables. Relative Risk Ratios were used to interpret the multinomial logistic regression output while odds ratios were used to interpret the logistic output. Results: Consistent with existing literature, results indicate that early age at first sex is a predictor of HIV risk perceptions and protective strategies. Age at first sex does set a precedence in the future thinking of adolescents with regards to how they perceive HIV risks, as well as how they perceive protective strategies against HIV-particularly condom use. This study confirms that age at first sex alongside with other socio demographic variables are significantly associated with HIV risk perceptions HIV and condom use, while other factors may matter, such as gender, region, HIV knowledge, religion or educational level. Limitations: The information on age at first sexual encounter was based exclusively on respondent’s self–reports. This data collection method often has limitations that are attributed to the tendency for people to under-report socially unacceptable behaviours (e.g. having multiple sex partners) and to over-report socially acceptable behavior. The other limitation is that the study lacks longitudinal data to allow a more in-depth analysis of trends in HIV/AIDS-related indicators.Item Demographic and socio-economic determinants of female migration in rural KwaZulu-Natal.(2011) Okumu, Catherine Andayi.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.; Herbst, Kobus.; Moreno, Eduardo.Female migration in South Africa has been on the increase over the years. This thesis attempts to look at the demographic and socio-economic factors that drive this increase using data from the Africa Centre Demographic Information System (ACDIS) during the period 2001 and 2008. Using data that provides for timing of events such as migration and births, the study analyses the time it took females to migrate. Migration was defined as having out-migrated the Demographic Surveillance Area (DSA) and never coming back. Migration levels were found to be high with 28 per cent of the females between 15-49 years of age out-migrating from the DSA. Models were created to explore the demographic and socio-economic factors controlling for other known determinant of migration. In the logistic regression, odds ratios showed that parity and childbearing status were important predicators of female migration. Females with four children were less likely to out-migrate the DSA (a 61 per cent less chance of migrating compared to females without children). Furthermore, pregnant females were not likely to migrate (a 45 per cent less chance of migrating compared to females who are not pregnant or breastfeeding). In a survival analysis, determinants of timing of migration showed that females with high parities had a higher survivorships to out-migration, compared to females who were pregnant. Hazard ratios also showed that females with four children are not likely to migrate compared to females with four children (a 7 per cent less hazard of migrating compared to females with no children). Age, marital status and educational attainment were also found to be predictors of female migration. Older females were less likely to migrate compared to younger females (females in the 44-49 age group had a 70 per cent less hazard of migrating compared to females in the 15-19 age group). Currently married and cohabiting females had a 29 per cent less hazard of migrating compared to never married females. Females with high educational attainment were more likely to migrate compared to females without education (an 18 per cent higher hazard of migrating compared to females without education). The timing of migration showed that pregnant females migrate after five years into the start of their pregnancy (date of conception). In conclusion, females with many children and females who are pregnant or breastfeeding are not likely to migrate.Item Determinants of contraceptive use among young women in Lesotho.(2010) Mabele, Mantoa.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.The study is titled 'Determinants of contraceptive use among young women in Lesotho'. Caldwell and Caldwell (2002:80) assert, "The most serious problem with existing subSaharan family planning programs is their neglect at adolescents' needs". The main objective of the study is to investigate factors influencing the use of modern contraceptives among young women (15-24 years old) in Lesotho and to contribute towards improvements in health care services for adolescents. The study will examine the levels of contraceptive use among young people in Lesotho, and explore social and demographic factors that promote contraceptive use. The study is based on the data from 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey which is a representative sample. The study showed that young people have high knowledge of modern methods of contraceptive (knowledge ranked up to 91 percent) however use of methods is lower (ranked up to 44 percent). Traditional methods were the least known except for withdrawal which had a plausible percentage (64.7 percent). Most of sexually active young people have ever used contraceptives and injectables were the leading method while condoms were the most generally known. The study also showed that contraceptive use increases with age, level of education, wealth and discussion of family planning with partner. Results of the logistic regression analysis, however, showed unexpected results where adolescents' from the rural areas had a higher likelihood of using contraceptives than those from urban areas. Married young women had a high level of contraceptive use than those never married. Socio-cultural context hinders the establishment of reproductive programs on adolescents as their sexuality is attached to marriage and childbearing. It was recommended that intensive programs informing young people about their reproductive decision-making is needed.Item Documenting adolescent sexual and reproductive practices, and exploring perceptions of the impact of child support grant : a case of Durban.(2012) Dlamini, Sheila.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.Teenage childbearing has been a cause for concern in South Africa. A number of studies claim that early childbearing has been increasing, while other studies indicate that say it has remained constant. Despite lack of consensus on the trend, there is agreement that the levels are high. The Reproductive Health Research Unit (2003) survey reported that close to 15 percent of teenage women become pregnant between the ages of 15 to 19 years. Teenage childbearing has raised major concerns for government, researchers and communities (Cherry et al, 2001). Researchers have identified a number of factors which contribute to teenage childbearing. Lately, there has been an ongoing debate about the introduction of social security system (Child Support Grants), which is meant to assist in alleviating child poverty. Some argued that Child Support Grants has contributed in high pregnancies among teenagers. However, the research on the relationship between Child Support Grants and teenage childbearing has not been consistent. This study explored sexual and reproductive patterns observed among teenagers. The focus was on understanding experiences of school going adolescents. The study also aimed to establish the environment surrounding childbearing in schools and the perception of child support grants through interviewing key informants and teenagers themselves. In summary, the study collected qualitative and qualtitative information from teenagers and teachers in schools, and from teenagers collecting CSG from paypoints. Findings from this sudy indicate that sexual practices among teenagers are complex. Teenagers are aware of the negative effects around early sexual initiation and childbearing support. However despite of this awareness, the study shows that more than half (52.7 percent) of teenagers become sexually at an early age more males (53.7 percent) than females (46.3 percent) were sexual active. Of the sexually active teenagers, findings show that 26.7 percent had their first sexual intercourse at the age of 15 years, 22.0 percent at 14 years, and 16.8 percent at the age of 16 years. The median age at sexual debut for both males and females was 14 years. While, teenagers without children were most likely to report that teenage mothers are having children to receive CSG, but teenage mothers did not confirm this. It was also interesting to discover that more males than females believed that teenagers take advantage of CSGs. However, indings clearly indicate that there are mixed perceptions with regard to impact of CSG on teen childbearing.Item Economic and social interactions of immigrants with the local population : a case of Zimbabweans working in Durban CBD.(2017) Madzamba, Rowan.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.The study on the economic and social interactions of immigrants with the local population: A Case of Zimbabweans working in Durban CBD was conducted in Durban Central Business District under the EThekwini Municipality. The objective for this study sought to achieve objectives pertaining the types of jobs/occupations which Zimbabwean immigrants are doing in Durban, investigating the economic and social networks which Zimbabwean immigrants create with locals to help navigate the economy of Durban, finding out challenges Zimbabwean immigrants are facing in Durban and to find out the perceptions of the Durban community towards immigrants’ contribution to the economy. The study applied a cross-sectional research design in which it made use of the qualitative methodology. A sample size of 40 respondents, of which 20 were Zimbabweans and the other 20 were local South Africans working with Zimbabwean Immigrants aged between 20-60 years were considered. Snowball sampling and Judgmental sampling methods were employed. This study made use of an in-depth interview as well observations as research techniques. Data collected were analysed using thematic analysis and NVIVO software further helped form categories of responses. Findings of the study indicate that jobs/occupations which Zimbabwean immigrants are doing in Durban cover a wide spectrum and include Caregiving, Driving, Graphic Designing, Hairdressing, Lecturing, Pastoring, Project Management, Security work, Teaching, Waiters, Bartending and Vending. Zimbabwean entrepreneurs who are in Durban most of them are in the Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) sector. Business, work and religious connections are main connections Zimbabwean immigrants have with locals in Durban and intermarriages also has further strengthened connections socially. Networks which immigrants create with locals determine the extent which immigrants integrate themselves with both fellow immigrants and locals in doing business. Social networks and the use of cell phone, therefore, serves as an anchor for immigrants to move from one place to another. Social networks are also used as a referral system of where to find jobs and where to buy cheap stuff. Challenges immigrants are facing in Durban includes discrimination, financial problems characterized by limited access to financial aid, social violence (xenophobia), language problems as well as failing to walk freely in town and also difficulty in finding employment. The coming of immigrants into Durban is considered as both good and bad by locals. Competition for jobs, competition for customers in business, service delivery and immigrants accepting less payment for high paying jobs are the perceived main sources of conflict between immigrants and locals. The study recommends that, the government through its departments should try to value diversity. This is done by enlightening its citizens on embracing foreigners and different cultures. This enables less discrimination against immigrants and also can contribute to the reduction of attacks on immigrants. Since competition for jobs and service delivery are the main sources of conflict between immigrants and locals. The researcher recommends there is a need for the government to be stricter with organisations which first employ foreigners in place of locals, taking advantages of the vulnerability of foreigners.Item Examination of factors contributing to early childbearing in Sub-Saharan Africa : using the findings from the South African demographic and health survey of 1998 and Zimbabwean demographic and health survey of 1999.(2009) Mashamba, Livhuwani Mashudu.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.Using South African and Zimbabwean Demographic and Health Surveys of 1998 and 1999 respectively, findings show that about 35% and 42% women between the ages 15-24 years had given birth at least once in South Africa and Zimbabwe respectively. Of these births, 26% and 32.2% occurred to South African and Zimbabwean women before they reached their 20th birthday respectively. In addition, these births among women between ages 15-24 account for 17% and 27% of the total births in South Africa and Zimbabwe. These are indeed high levels of early childbearing. It is because of these high levels of early childbearing that this dissertation aims to examine determinants contributing to early childbearing. To achieve this, two comparable data sources are analyzed, namely South African Demographic and Health Surveys (SADHS) of 1998 and Zimbabwean Demographic and Health Surveys (ZDHS) of 1999. The results from this dissertation show that major significant determinants contributing to early childbearing are the age of sexual debut; childhood place of residence; highest level of education attained; socio-economic status; and ethnicity and sex of household head. The results of this dissertation make an important contribution to the growing knowledge base of Sub-Saharan African early childbearing research. Its recommendations are based on the findings of the determinants contributing to high levels of childbearing, which can be used for planning and policy development towards adolescent fertility prevention.Item An examination of the determinants of sexual behaviour among young people aged 15-24 years in Zambia using the 2005 Zambia behaviour survey.(2012) Mwale, Simson.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.The health risks of unsafe sexual behaviour among young people aged 15-24, the stage when sexual activity including risky sexual behaviour is likely to begin, has been receiving growing attention. Researchers are attempting to identify factors which influence young people’s sexual behaviour so that meaningful prevention and intervention programmes can be developed. Using the 2005 Zambia Sexual Behaviour Survey, this study examines the level and determinants of sexual behaviour measured according to age at first sex, age at first childbearing, and condom use at first sex, among young people in Zambia. A total sample of 2,813 young people, representing 57.16 percent females and 42.84 percent males, was chosen for the analysis. The study employed survival analysis techniques to examine the timing and determinants of first sex and first childbearing. In addition, logistic regression models were used to predict the drivers of condom use at first sex. The analysis established that age at first sex, age at first childbearing, and condom use at first sex among young people in Zambia differ by cohort, gender, urban/rural residence, marital status, educational attainment, and province of residence. The results show that more young women (69.15 percent) than young men (57.84 percent) had initiated sex aged 15-24 years; whereas 47.89 percent of young women aged 15-24 years reported having had a first birth. The level of condom use at first sex was less than a quarter for young men (23.63 percent) and young women (24.34 percent), posing serious health challenges. There was evidence that the strongest predictors of sexual debut among young men were current age, residing in Lusaka or Northern provinces, and living in a household with television; while current age and higher education were positively associated with condom use at first sex among young women. The important determinants of first childbearing were age at first sex, and educational attainment. Finally, being unmarried, with some level of education, residing in Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka or Northern provinces, and living in a household with piped water or flush toilet, were found to be critical predictors of condom use at first sex among young people. It was concluded that although Zambia has shown progress in delaying sexual debut and first childbearing, other areas such as condom use at first sex, show little change – indicating a need for renewed efforts in HIV and AIDS prevention and family planning programmes.Item Examining the effect of changing marriage patterns on fertility among African South African women.(2009) Magagula, Thandi Kuki.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.Recent studies on marriage patterns in South Africa have revealed a clear trend towards decreasing proportions of married women and an increase in age at first marriage (Udjo, 2001; Budlender et al., 2004). Despite marriage being one of the most important proximate determinants of fertility, the role of these nuptiality changes on the country’s decreasing fertility levels has not been adequately explored. Using data from the 1998 South African Demographic Survey, this paper fills this research gap by examining the marriage and fertility trends among African women in South Africa. The decision to focus on African women hinged on two basic factors; (1) available evidence shows that changes in marriage patterns are most notable in this racial group, and (2) African women have the highest fertility level relative to other racial groups. The results show that marriage patterns have been changing over time. The proportions married are low and late among African and rural women. There is an increase in the proportion of women who are cohabiting and never-married. Fertility levels are different for marital status, with the married and widowed women having the highest mean number of children ever born and the least number of children ever born is among the never-married women. Furthermore, the mean number of children ever born is among the highest in the older ages for all women. Kaplan-Meier estimates indicate that half of the divorced and widowed women have their first birth as early as age 18 years, compared to age 20 for the never-married and the cohabiting women, and age 22 for the married women. The mean age at first birth for African women is 19.7 years compared to 21.2 years for non-African women. Overall, socio-economic and demographic factors such as educational attainment, place of residence, marital status, race, and age have a significant effect on the age of a woman at first birth.Item Experiences of teenage mothers in the informal settlements : an analysis of young females' reproductive health challenges, a case study of Siyanda informal settlement.(2012) Govender, Carminee.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.The reported percentage of births attributable to school going learners has highlighted the concern for adolescents engaging in early and unsafe sexual practices. A review of literature suggests that early sexual initiation and the likelihood of experiencing teenage pregnancy can impede on adolescents' ability to acquire skills, attain high levels of education, and access socioeconomic opportunities. Relatively less attention has been paid to the reproductive patterns and sexual behaviour of adolescents within informal settlements. This research, conducted in Siyanda informal settlement on the outskirts of KwaMashu Township, is designed to explore the sexual patterns and reproductive behaviour of the adolescents there. The study examines differences in sexual behaviour and childbearing experiences among teen mothers, currently pregnant teens; and those that have never experienced pregnancy. The findings suggest that the majority of adolescents residing in informal settlements experiment with and engage in sexual intercourse at ages much earlier than 19. Most teenagers experienced their first sexual intercourse by the second year of high school education. Teen mothers reported higher incidence of multiple sexual partners. Across all adolescents interviewed, the preferred sexual partners were much older males because of level of maturity, financial status; and the ability to negotiate use of contraceptives. Part of the cause of high incidents of teenage pregnancy within this environment was the lack of consistent usage of contraceptives. Many adolescents perceived usage of contraceptives to be impractical prior to conception of first birth. The experience of childbearing was found to have detrimental implications on these young females‟ educational attainment. Many of these adolescent failed to resume school to complete their education due to the lack of emotional and financial support from their partners and family members. Many adolescents highlighted their discontent with the lack of youth integration with the lack of youth integration in community based programmes. Furthermore, communication barriers in nearby health facilities as well as transport restricted their accessibility to obtain counselling with regards to their sexual activities and reproductive patterns. Thus, it is recommended that service delivery should be improved, including providing more health facilities especially the range of methods through which health officials such as nurses, social workers and counsellors which can be made easily accessible to these adolescents on a regular basis.Item Experiences of teenage mothers subsequent to having their first child : a case of females attending school in Jozini, KwaZulu-Natal.(2015) Nxumalo, Nomfundo Philile.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.The study seeks to describe the experiences of teenage mothers subsequent to having their first child among females attending school in Jozini, a rural area in KwaZulu-Natal. The study adopted a qualitative research approach using in-depth interviews with teen mothers between the ages of 16-18 years, head masters of the two secondary schools, life orientation teachers two from each school and health workers of the two local clinics. A semi-structured interview schedule was developed and sixty-six (66) participants were interviewed individually and in focus groups. The major findings of this study are that the reproductive health knowledge of teenagers is very low as well as their knowledge on health resources available to them. Through the study, the experience that teenage mothers face while they are trying to complete their schooling having had a baby is revealed. Some have dropped-out of school and returned immediately after the baby’s birth and some are deprived of the chance to continue with their schooling. They associate pregnancy with negative consequences, as they have nothing tangible to do for the reason that they are not confident about the future, because of low education together with low economic status. The financial burden place on them is massive as the babies’ fathers do not stick around after the pregnancy hence no support is received from the baby daddies. Furthermore their parents’ or guardians’ educational and economic status was also discovered to be low. In light of these findings, it is important to allow them to return to school after the baby is born so that the educational attainment of teenagers may be increased. They also need support from the community, parents, teachers and health workers so that they can curb the high rates of school drop-outs and escalating teenage pregnancy rates.Item Exploring the factors and differentials driving contemporary internal migration in South Africa.(2020) Dlamini, Njabulo.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.This study explores the factors and differentials driving contemporary internal migration in South Africa looking at migration for South african citizens and then touch on inter-provincial migration. There is limited research done on internal migration in South Africa and globally. The bulk of studies done on migration focused the most on international migration and there is enough literature on international migration. However, internal migration has limited literature though moves mostly happen nationally rather than internationally. This study uses community survey 2016 (CS2016) data which was conducted by Statistics South Africa. The overall aim of this study is to explore migration factors and differentials driving internal migration between the year 2011 which was the year the last census was done and 2016 the year community survey 2016 was conducted. A quantitative research approach was adopted, and STATA 15 software was used to analyse data. A nested logistic model was used to explore the factors and determine differentials among the exploratory variables. It was evident in the study that all the independent variables chosen for the study does influence migration singularly and when combined with others. Nested models for the general population, females, and males were able to show the effectiveness of each independent variable in contributing to migration. The finding from this study can help the government in implementing policies since it shows how the South African population moves with the country at a municipal level and provincial level.Item Fertility transition in Lesotho : the recent trends, socioeconomic factors and proximate determinants.(2011) Shale, Mashale.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.There is a general perception that fertility has been declining over a decade in Lesotho, and this has sparked the debate that fertility transition is drawing closer in Lesotho. The growing concern was stimulated by limited studies showing the effect of socio-economic factors on fertility in Lesotho and variations in proximate determinants. The paper examines recent fertility trends in Lesotho using various demographic techniques of fertility estimation and determines whether the onset of fertility transition has begun in Lesotho. The secondary aim is to assess and control errors in the Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey of 2004, thus providing robust and reliable estimates. The analysis utilizes the secondary data from 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey (LDHS). The data set comprised of a sample of 7095 women who participated in the survey. The use of 1996 Lesotho Population Census and 2002 Lesotho Reproductive and Health Survey were made to facilitate comparison with 2004 LDHS, and to provide differentials and measure changes over time in fertility. The P/F ratio method developed by Brass and the modified version, Relational Gompertz Model are employed and used to assess the quality of data as well as determining fertility levels and trends. The findings reveal that the overall fertility among women in Lesotho during 2004 LDHS is 4.02. Application of different methods depicts that fertility remains high in Lesotho, although considered moderate according to sub-Saharan standards. Despite the fact that TFR is high, overall fertility decline is evident. The estimates of fertility range between 3.5 and 5.6 depending on the technique in use. The reason for the high observed fertility is that women in the rural areas still cherish quite a substantial family size. Nevertheless, changing acceptance and perception of using contraception, delayed marriage, high levels of education and economic development among women in Lesotho contributes considerably to fertility declines in Lesotho. As a result, disparities that continue to propel fertility levels within population groups incite reassessment of existing research and policy so as to enhance development strategies as well as action programmes.Item Household structure as a determinant of infant mortality in South Africa.(2002) Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.; Ubomba-Jaswa, Peter.Infant mortality rates are used as indicators of a group or population's well being. A high rate indicates poor access to social services such as health care provision, and other socioeconomic factors. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest infant mortality rates in tne world. Compared to the region as a whole, South Africa's rates are lower. However, a sudden increase in rates was noted from early 1990s (Department of Health, Medical Research Council, Macro International, 1998). Since household is the first environment that infants are exposed to, it is thus the environment that strongly influences development and survival chances of this group. The study aims at taking a closer look at several aspects of the structure of the household and how they impact on infant mortality. The study is based on data from the South African Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) administered by the Department of Health in 1998. Aspects of household structure that are viewed as affecting infant mortality are: sex of the household head, his/her age, number of household members, and number of children under 5 years old in a household. Estimating infant mortality rate and its probability by using ordinary life tables and multiple logistic regression modeling respectively, the study found that sex of the household head does no have an impact as a determinant of infant mortality in South Africa. However, other aspects of the household structure (number of household members and number of younger children under 5 years of age) were found to determine the survival of infants. Larger households are better off in securing infant survival than smaller households.Item The impact of family structure on schooling outcomes for children in South Africa.(2013) Ndagurwa, Pedzisai.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.This study investigates the impact of family structure on schooling outcomes for children aged 7 to 17 years in South Africa. There is limited recent national research focusing on examining factors affecting schooling outcomes for children beyond economic factors in South Africa. Most literature available is either based on selected provinces, communities and Demographic Surveillance Areas or studied schooling outcomes without delineating the effect of the family structures children live in. This study uses data on a sample of 225 538 children obtained from the Community Survey of 2007 (CS2007) which was conducted by Statistics South Africa. It identifies a taxonomy of family structures unique to South Africa in comparison to other parts of the world especially the developed world given the effects of long term migration and macro-social transformations such as HIV/AIDS, increase in urbanisation, decreasing marriage rates and increasing out-of-wedlock births all of which lead to more complex family structures being observed. The study uses quantitative techniques employing logistic and ordinary least squares regression models to analyse the odds of school enrolment for children and average highest grade completed for age. The results of the study show that family structure impacts on schooling outcomes for children significantly. The study thus arrives at the conclusion that, controlling for all other variables like age, sex, population group, province of residence, socioeconomic status and type of school, family structure has a significant impact on the schooling outcomes of children in South Africa.Item The impact of migration and remittances: the case of migrant households in Endingeni rural area in Ladysmith.(2021) Mazibuko, Sakhile Khulekani.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.Migration and remittances with their growing volume and stable nature have become a topic of interest to many researchers. Migration generally impact positively on migrant households because it is associated with improved standard of living. The aim of this study is to understand the effects of migration and remittances as well as migration decision making in migrant households in Endingeni rural area in Ladysmith. An in depth understanding of the impact of migration and remittances on migrant households in rural area of Endingeni in Ladysmith is important and this study aims to learn and understand the impact of migration and remittances on migrant households. The researcher further intend to study the decisions for migration and the effects of migration and remittances on migrant households. This study aims to provide information and statistics on the impact of migration and remittances with regards to the particular rural area of Endingeni and contribute in enhancing knowledge in the study of migration and remittances in South Africa and their impact on migrant households. To achieve this - a qualitative approach was explored, where a sample of 20 participants from migrant households in the rural area of Endingeni in Ladysmith were interviewed through individual semi-structured interviews. The study found that majority of migrant households receive remittances from their members who migrated for employment. Household’s standard of living and limited opportunities of generating income in rural areas is noted as a main reason that encourage people to migrate for employment and send remittances to their families left behind. Migration is often a household’s strategy for its survival and livelihoods. Thus households act collectively in making migration decision for their members. And as a result migration benefits several households through remittances and improve their livelihoods. This study recommend that further research be done on exploring how migration and remittances affects migrant households in order to know more about migration and remittances.Item The influence of family background on high school completion for males and females in South Africa.(2016) Bengesai, Annah Vimbai.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.High school completion is an important transition leading on to post-secondary education and by implication into the labour market. In South Africa, a matriculation certificate- obtained at the end of secondary schooling is a prerequisite for access to diploma and degree programmes in institutions of higher learning. Several studies have also pointed to higher economic returns for people with a high school leaving certificate and more so, those with a post-secondary qualification. Hence, people who do not graduate from high school have bleak economic prospects and are likely to earn less than those who do. This study sought to explore factors that underpin the observed association between familial resources and high school completion. Specifically, the study examined whether the differences in high school completion are accounted for by family background factors such as family structure and income, while controlling for demographic factors such as age, race and, place of residence and the interaction with sex. The empirical analysis adopted a retrospective methodology and uses data from the third wave of the National Income Dynamics Study collected in 2012, a longitudinal household survey that was implemented by the Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). The sample consisted of 1821 young people aged 18, 19 and 20 who had successfully completed the interview. Acknowledging that the factors under investigation play out differently for both male and females, the inquiry further sought to interrogate the association between males and females and among males and females. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the likelihood of completing high school. The results illustrated that that there are many sources of variation in matric completion. Age, gender, race, residence, household income each have both an independent and joint effect on matric completion. Most notably, family structure behaved differently for the males and females. There was a strong discernible effect on matric completion for the male population for co-resident and lone parent structures, while for the females, residing with both or one parent had no advantage over non-residence with both parents. In fact, females living with one or both parents were less likely to have matric relative to those who live with neither parent.Item Life transitions of young women and the influence of older sisters : adolescent sexual behaviour and childbearing in South Africa(2009) Munthree, Crystal.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.High adolescent childbearing in South Africa has been sustained over several decades (Kaufman, De Wet and Stadler, 2001:149). Findings from the South African Demographic Health Survey (1998) show that 35 percent of 19-year-old girls had given birth at least once (DoH, 1999). Early childbearing can affect the economic, social and physical well-being of the mother and child. In addition young women who are sexually active are also at high risk of HIV infection and other STIs (Rutenberg, Kaufman, McIntyre, Brown and Karim, 2003). Apart from the health risks, there are also social consequences of early childbearing. Studies that have examined the factors influencing early childbearing show that there is a variation in the prevalence of early childbearing that is by place of residence (rural vs. urban), educational attainment, socio-economic status and population group (Palmuleni, Kalule-Sabiti.and Makiwane, 2007; Dickson, 2003). However, there have been few studies that explore the influence of family structure on early childbearing and sexual intercourse. In an attempt to tease out family influences on teenage sexual behaviour, recent literature explores the correlation of timing of sexual activity and childbearing among sibling pairs. Findings confirm that a sister’s sexual initiation and timing of childbearing and other forms of family formation have an independent strong effect on the timing of family formation for a younger sibling (East, 1996). Exploring a sister’s influence in the context of high early childbearing, such as one observed in South Africa, could contribute in understanding escalating teenage pregnancies and childbearing. The 1998 South African Demographic Health Survey will be used to analyse the sexual behaviour patterns of young women between 15 and 24 years of age, focusing specifically on their age at sexual debut, and age and the covariates associated with teenage pregnancy. These results show that having an older sister who has given birth to a child during adolescence could influence the age at which a younger sister has a child and her age at sexual debut. From the results sisters could be a strategic population to target for pregnancy prevention, which would help reduce early childbearing and also the spread of HIV and AIDS in Africa.Item Migration into new housing developments : an examination of RDP housing in Northern KwaZulu-Natal.(2011) Lekoa, Mammusa.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.; Herbst, Kobus.Objectives. First, the study aims to explore demographic and socio-economic characteristics of residents who moved into Indlovu village. Second, the study will explore if the housing development attracted the intended beneficiaries as outlined in the policy document of the RDP and the targeted households as specified by the local authority. Third, the study will examine whether there is differential selection of people at places of origin into new housing developments. Background. Since 1994 when South Africa attained independence, the major thrust of the new government was to improve the welfare of the people who were previously underprivileged, especially the Black population. Affirmative policies aimed at the black population were formulated. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was formulated in 1994 and was aimed at addressing housing, health, education and economical problems for people who could not afford. South African citizens with low socio-economic status, without proper shelter and previously disadvantaged were provided with subsidised houses. These RDP houses induced an influx towards urban areas in informal settlement, further swelling the waiting-list for RDP houses. Methods. This study utilises data from the Africa Centre Demographic Information System (ACDIS). The Demographic Surveillance Area (DSA) is located in rural KwaZulu Natal. The surveillance area includes a new RDP housing development called Indlovu village. The analysis examines the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of people who moved into Indlovu village between 2003 and October 2006. In bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, the determinants of movement into RDP houses were estimated. The dependent variable ‘moved’ was defined as a binary, where 1 was assigned to those who moved from elsewhere within the DSA to the RDP development scheme and 0 to those who never moved. However, some of the people who have moved into Indlovu Village could have moved from other places outside the DSA and these were analysed separately. Results. There are equal numbers of male and female headed households in Indlovu. Bivariate analyses suggest that there is a statistically significant difference between individuals who moved to Indlovu and those who did not move from the DSA with a p-value <0.001. When controlling for age, sex, marital status, education, employment, household socio-economic status and place of origin, multivariate analysis suggests that people from the rural part of the DSA are more likely than those from urban and peri-urban areas to move into the RDP housing area. Looking at age, more elderly individuals were more likely to be allocated the houses relative to the younger age groups, however, this was not statistically significant. Individuals in the middle age were less likely to move relative to the younger age groups. Equal proportions of females and males benefited from the development and these findings agree with the requirements of the policy. Those in a relatively high socio-economic status were more likely to move than those in the relatively low socio-economic status. Multivariate analysis suggests that the currently married people were more likely to move to Indlovu village. However these findings were not statistically significant but they were significant in the bivariate analysis. Also those from households with dependents were more likely to move relative to those who stayed alone. These findings were not significant after adjusting for other variables. Again this is consistent with the requirements of the policy which stipulates that married people and individuals with dependants have to benefit from these housing developments. The Indlovu housing scheme target people living in and around the DSA, but the development mostly benefited those originating from far away places. Almost 60% of the residents in Indlovu came from places outside the DSA while only 36% originated from within the DSA. Conclusions. This analysis aimed to determine the socio-demographic determinants of individuals who move into RDP houses, using the case study of movement from the Africa Centre DSA into Indlovu village. The findings revealed that the housing development was able to attract individuals from household with average socio-economic status and those from high and very high socio-economic status relative to the very poor households. The RDP policy required that poor individuals with low socio-economic status should be the ones who benefit, however this is contrary to the current study’s findings. However, though by demographic characteristics (gender, age and marital status) most of the beneficiaries met the criteria for eligibility for RDP housing, most came from places further than communities surrounding these housing schemes, disadvantaging the intended beneficiaries. These findings suggest the importance of evaluating the recipients of RDP housing developments around the country, to ensure that the deserving individuals receive the houses.Item Perceptions of UKZN Howard College students regarding the 2015 xenophobic attack in Durban, South Africa.(2018) Majola, Malibongwe Nelson.; Nzimande, Nompumelelo Barbara.Durban KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) was stricken by relentless xenophobic attacks in April 2015 that were mainly directed to foreign African nationals that resides in Durban Metropolitan. However, these attacks did not focus in one geographic area because they were across metropolitan of Durban. The violent attacks firstly broke out in Durban Central Business District (CBD) in KwaZulu-Natal province, and then suddenly spread over many townships including KwaMashu, UMlazi, and Verulam outside of Durban city in KwaZulu-Natal province. When the provincial government realizes the damage caused by xenophobic attacks intervened by increasing the number of police officers as a response to deal with issues such as crime caused by xenophobic attacks. While numerous studies have been conducted across the world about the issue of xenophobic attacks, however, the majority of those studies have little discussions about the opinions of tertiary students regarding the issue of xenophobic attacks affecting the society. As a response to such little discussions, this study was based at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Howard college campus to understand the views of students from tertiary education level regarding the issue of xenophobic attacks. This university is situated in Durban in the province of KwaZulu-Natal with most Zulu speaking students coming from the surrounding areas. This study draws on qualitative data. The sample consisted of twenty participants studying at this university. The twenty participants included ten postgraduate South African students and ten foreign African postgraduate students. The participants were interviewed on campus to obtain their perspectives on this matter. The study findings noted that some people lack the knowledge of African history. Then it recommended an effective education to all members of the community regarding the African history because it has been recognized that, the lack of knowledge about African history has contributed to the eruption of xenophobic attacks in the society. The study suggested this because it is anticipated that, the xenophobic attacks would be prevented if the South African people would understand their history. Keywords: Migration, Migrant, Xenophobia, Refugees.