Masters Degrees (Health Promotion).

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Mapping the integration of the fields of mental health and psychosocial support with peacebuilding through co-creation.
(2022) Dlamini, Noxolo Zanele.; Sliep, Yvonne.; Makhakhe, Nosipho Faith.
Protracted conflict, combined with the resultant psychological scarring have been a part of present life for many societies. Historically Peace Building and MHPSS (Mental Health and Psychosocial Support) have been used to address the effects of conflict separately, yet they offer different yet complementary solutions to the problem. The purpose of this research was to explore the integration of MHPSS and PB from the viewpoint of the participants of cocreation workshops conducted in 2019 and 2021 on the same topic. A qualitative descriptive design was utilised in this study as it allowed the researcher to explore how the participants responded to the co-creation methodology used in the workshops while gaining insight into their opinions on integration. The study was conducted using documented reports and transcripts of the co-creation workshops, followed by in-depth online interviews. A thematic analysis was used, and findings show that changing funding mandates were necessary as these impact on what humanitarian work is done. Through advocacy, information sharing, and policy change, the way in which donors approach this work could be changed. Much needs to be done to capacitate those working in the field and to raise awareness of the value of linking these disciplines. Greater understanding between the two fields and knowledge of the language, theories and tools used will need to be shared. The co-creation method that was used for the present study seems to have benefitted the process of integration in the participating organisations, through reflection, information sharing, research and writing.
Experience of forgiving in Indian marriages: a qualitative inquiry.
(2022) Essop, Karshila.; Hlengwa, Wellington Mthokozisi.
This research study concentrated on understanding the experience of forgiving in Indian marriages in Durban, KwaZulu Natal. The qualitative research study involved eight participants who were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule. With the consent of each participant, every interview was recorded utilising an audio recorder and then later transcribed by the researcher. The ecological systems theory was utilised as a framework for the study. The data that was obtained during the data collection period was evaluated, analysed and organised through thematic analysis. This assisted the researcher to organise data into themes, sub-themes and sub-sub-themes. The five themes that were discovered and discussed are: Understanding forgiveness, the experience of forgiving, the psycho-social influences of forgiving, dominant cultural influence and improvement of forgiveness in Indian marriages. The research study found that the participants experienced forgiving more positively than negatively. Forgiveness allowed for trust to be rebuilt in marriages and paved the way for harmony in both spousal and/or family systems. The research study found that reconciliation in Indian marriages plays a vital role and affects every participant’s family system, spousal system, psychological health and well-being. A strong correlation between forgiveness and personality was drawn indicating that personality is one of the more significant influences on forgiving. More so, social, cultural and theological influences were seen as strong motivators of forgiving in Indian marriages. Participants recommended marital counselling and face-to-face conversations about transgressions created between spouses to assist marital forgiveness in Indian marriages. Through the limitations of the research study discussed in chapter six, it is proposed that further research on the experience of forgiving in Indian marriages should be conducted.
Factors influencing intention and uptake of COVID-19 vaccines on the African Continent: a scoping review.
(2022) Naidoo, Damian.; Meyer-Weitz, Anna.
No abstract available.
The parenting experience: an exploration study of coping mechanisms of young parents.
(2022) Nombewu, Gladys Nompumelelo.; Hlengwa, Wellington Mthokozisi.
This study aimed to understand experiences of young parents, and how they coped with parenting challenges in Quarry Heights. Furthermore, this study sought to determine coping techniques used in dealing with parental challenges. The study employed a qualitative approach, where a total of ten participants were interviewed, using an interview schedule. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data collected and various themes emerged. The findings indicate that the transition to parenthood was an unplanned difficult event. Lack of knowledge and parenting skills, lack of financial resources and negative emotions emerged as main challenges. As a result, academic performance was disrupted, social networks were disconnected and parents felt socially isolated. The study found that, parents do not have sufficient coping resources to handle the transition. Coping strategies utilised were not effective in dealing with the challenges. However, social and financial support from family members made the transition process manageable. Therefore, research at government level is recommended to determine the feasibility of developing mentoring programs for teaching parenting and life skills. Furthermore, establishment of counselling centres in schools is recommended for psychological support. Based on the limitation of this study, it is recommended that a diverse sample with different race, gender and socio-economic status for diverse views be used for future research.
Mapping the integration of the fields of mental health and psychosocial support with peacebuilding through co-creation.
(2022) Dlamini, Noxolo.; Sliep, Yvonne.; Makhakhe, Nosipho Faith.
Factors influencing intention and uptake of COVID-19 vaccines on the African continent: a scoping review.
(2022) Naidoo , Damian.; Meyer-Weitz, Anna.
The COVID-19 pandemic is a severe concern worldwide, particularly in Africa. Vaccines are crucial in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. This scoping review examined existing literature on factors influencing intention and uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in Africa. Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage methodological paradigm was applied. A comprehensive search was undertaken from October 1st to 13th, 2021, using EBSCOhost, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar regarding the factors influencing intention and uptake of COVID-19 vaccines for studies conducted in Africa. A total of fifty published academic articles were reviewed, with many conducted in Nigeria and Ethiopia. The data analysis revealed five themes: attitudes & perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccines, intention to uptake COVID-19 vaccines, factors associated with acceptance/non-acceptance, socio-demographic determinants affecting the intention and uptake, and information sources for COVID-19 vaccines. The intention for uptake ranged between 21% and 90.1 %. Factors that promoted vaccine acceptance included confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine and the desire to protect vulnerable people. Age and sex were the most common factors significantly associated with vaccine acceptance. In contrast, most studies revealed that respondents' primary reasons for non-acceptance were safety and effectiveness concerns. The primary source of knowledge for the COVID-19 vaccines came from mass and social media. The vast majority of studies examined revealed that considerable barriers to vaccine uptake exist in Africa, contributing to the public's apprehension in this regard and resulting in a suboptimal uptake intention. To encourage vaccine uptake, governments should pay attention to refuting misinformation through integrated community-based approaches.
Exploring the use and adoption of urine diverting dehydration toilets in Umgababa community in eThekwini Municipality: the experiences of community members and leaders.
(2021) Shange, Thulisile Margaret.; Hangulu, Lydia.; Akintola, Olagoke Olufikayo.
Sanitation is the safe treatment and disposal of human faeces. Ensuring availability and sustainable management of sanitation for all is part of sustainable development goalsagenda 2030. Even though the adoption and use of UDDTs is low in eThekwini Municipality, most of these studies are quantitative in nature and have not been conducted in UMgababa community. Therefore, this study aimed at employing qualitative methods with the aim of exploring the problems associated with the adoption and use of UDDTs in UMgababa community from the perspective of community members and leaders. There were 15 participants in the study. All participants were chosen purposively. They were accessed using snowball sampling a technique that uses referrals. Semistructured interviews and observations were utilized to get data from all participants. All interviews were guided by interview guide with open ended questions. The findings show that there was blame game regarding the installation of UDDTs by Ward councilor and area coordinators. Community members did not have an idea who was responsible for installing of the UDDTs Instead they linked such developments to the ANC which is a leading political party in South Africa. They also mention that they were not consulted about the UDDTs instead the development came as an announcement from the municipality. Training received regarding the use of UDDTs lasted for five minutes. Community members resent the UDDTs adoption and use of UDDTs by community members. These results show that the government uses the top-down approach in designing interventions for the communities. These findings are important for policy makers to conduct an impact assessment and calls for prompt action to be taken to help address the lack of adequate adoption and use of UDDTs by the community members and ultimately improve the wellbeing of the people.
Understanding university students’ experiences of voluntary medical male circumcision: a qualitative inquiry.
(2021) Mbambo, Siyabonga Arron.; Shumba, Kemist.
Voluntary medical male circumcision remains the most crucial feature in the fight against new heterosexual HIV infections. Generally, men engage in sexual intercourse soon after undergoing VMMC. Therefore, research which focus on the factors influencing the men’s decision to undergo VMMC, their prevalent sexual experiences post VMMC, and meanings attached to VMMC after undergoing VMMC is important. The study used a qualitative research design and it is located within an interpretivist paradigm. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with UKZN Howard College students. A total of 10 students were purposively selected and participated in the in-depth interviews. Although ten interviews were pre-planned, data saturation was achieved from the eighth interview. Four participants were master’s students, three were honours students, and the rest were final year undergraduate students. All participants were Christians. The Health Belief Model was used as the conceptual framework and thematic analysis, as described by Braun and Clarke (2006), was used to analyse data. The in-depth individual interviews showed main motivations which resulted from the perceptions that influenced the men’s decision to undergo VMMC. VMMC main motivational factors included reducing chances of HIV infection, preventing STI infection, hygiene, peer pressure, enhancing sex, and abstaining from sex. Participants reported post-VMMC sexual experiences of big and clean penis, improved self-esteem, enhanced sexual functioning due to pleasurable sex, and removed sex pain. The new VMMC meanings post-VMMC procedure also elicited the need for dual protection and understanding of VMMC as painless procedure that means a personal responsibility. The findings from this study elicited that the participants experienced enhanced sexual functioning post-VMMC procedure. More research is needed to focus on the sexual experiences before and post-VMMC procedure in order to appropriately inform VMMC recruitment strategies.
Teachers and healthcare workers' perceived reproductive health challenges faced by secondary school adolescents in low resource community of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
(2021) Mbatha, Londiwe.; Akintola, Olagoke Olufikayo.; Gwelo, Netsai Bianca.
Adolescents’ early sexual debut contributes to the number of sexual and reproductive health challenges that they are faced with. In trying to deal with these reproductive health challenges that adolescents are facing South Africa recently adopted the Integrated School Health Policy, which enables adolescents to access sexual reproductive health care services and information in the school context. This study explored reproductive health challenges from the perspective of the life orientation teachers and school health nurses. Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 participants in some low resource communities in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Four of the participants were school health nurses and 11 of the participants were life orientation teachers. Results: The results of this study show that when it comes to reproductive health education teachers and school health nurses face numerous challenges. At the macro and exo level the Department of Education provides life orientation teachers with limited teaching resources and the life orientation curriculum covers the minimum number of reproductive health topics. On the other hand, the Department of Health does not have enough school health nurses, therefore leaving the available school health nurses with a load of work that is beyond their capacity. At the meso level parents find it difficult to communicate with their children about sex-related topics, this however is influenced by culture, religion, and tradition. Due to poor parent-child communication, children find themselves subjected to peers as their source of information and that leaves room for peer pressure or peer influence. At this level of influence families are confronted with poverty which impacts the behaviour of adolescents getting married at a young age and also being sexually active at a young age for transactional sex. This exposes the adolescents to teenage pregnancy, STI’s & STD’s as well as other reproductive health challenges. At the Micro level adolescents are less informed about reproductive health and by the onset of their sexual debut they engage themselves in an act that they are less informed about.
Use of sexual pleasure-enhancing substances among hair salon female workers in Durban: a qualitative inquiry.
(2020) Nxumalo, Sinethemba Virginia.; Shumba, Kemist.
The use of sexual pleasure-enhancing substances (SPES) is fast-gaining traction among sexually active, young Black females globally. The researcher’s interest is on the implications of this practice on safe sex. The use of pleasure-enhancing substances and vaginal practices, particularly intra-vaginal cleansing and the drying or tightening of the vagina is driven by beliefs that may ensure sexual pleasure as every woman’s prerogative. Thus, women risk acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. The belief that SPES are only efficacious without using the barrier method elevates women’s risk of acquiring HIV. This study aims to explore the use of SPES among female hair salon workers in Durban to foster an understanding of how this practice impacts on safe sex practices and sexual reproductive health. The study used qualitative interviews to elicit the views of 12 selected young Black African women (BAW) working in hair salons in Durban’s central business district (CBD) regarding the use of SPES and various vaginal practices. Purposive and the snowball sampling techniques were used to identify information-rich participants. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that SPES affect safe sex practices and place women’s sexual reproductive health at risk. Most young BAW were not practising safe sex with their partners. The practice of unsafe sex among this cohort was driven by the need to sexually satisfy male partners, thus maintaining the much-needed grip in love relationships. The findings also indicate that BAW are conversant with sexual and reproductive health issues.
The social and cultural determinants of the fertility rate among Congolese refugee women living in the inner city of Durban, South Africa.
(2018) Lwaboshi, Belinda.; Mkhize, Nhlanhla Jerome.
Population growth is one of the pressing demographic development problems affecting the world. Despite the growing number of people using up-to-date contraceptive methods, countries in the developing world, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), are still recording a high fertility rate. This study investigated the social and cultural determinants of fertility among Congolese refugee women living in the inner city of Durban, South Africa. The study adopted a qualitative method. Primary and secondary data were gathered and 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted. All interviews were audio-recorded and then transcribed with the participants’ consent. The analysis of data was done using thematic analysis techniques. The study found that the fertility rate among Congolese living in Durban, South Africa, is driven by various factors. Seven themes emerged that illustrated the reasons for the fertility rate among the study group. These were: the economic value attached to having children, gender preference (male child preference), the desire to save a marriage/union, the prestige of motherhood, filling the missing gap/replacing lost family members, fulfilling God’s recommendation to fill the earth, and other biblical reasons, children as social security during old age, and inadequate use of appropriate contraceptive methods. The study also found that gender played a pivotal role in determining fertility in the study group: men viewed themselves as decision-makers and heads of the family. The study findings concur with the previous literature on childbearing among refugee communities in developing countries in particular. The pivotal role of the gender of the couple in determining fertility casts doubt on the reliability of family planning methods that rely exclusively on the usage of contraceptive methods. This work provides essential recommendations on how health care services should be used in order to promote refugees’ well-being in Durban, South Africa.
The relationship between child rearing practices and adolescents’ attitudes toward sexual debut, Durban, South Africa.
(2018) Luthuli, Samkelisiwe.; Hlengwa, Wellington Mthokozisi.
About 30% of South African teenagers between the ages of 13-19 years have reported unplanned pregnancy in their lives. One of the determinants of the teenage pregnancy and HIV is early sexual debut. Adolescents who engage in sexual activities at an early stage become expose to more sexual partners and more unprotected sex which results in HIV, Sexual Transmitted Infections and unplanned pregnancy. Parents have a significant influence in shaping adolescents’ attitudes towards sexual behaviours through parenting practices such as communication, supervision and monitoring. The present study examined the relationship between child rearing practices and adolescents’ attitudes towards sexual debut. It further investigated whether (authoritative, authoritarian and permissive) parenting styles predicted initiation of sexual debut. The study used a cross-sectional survey design to gather the data. A sample of 150 learners was used. The measurements that were used to collect data were Parenting Styles Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) and Attitudes towards sexual debut questionnaire. Results indicated that there is a small positive relationship between Perceived benefits of having sex and permissive parenting style. A small positive relationship between perceived shame and guilt associated with having sex and authoritative parenting style was found. Moreover, a small negative relationship was found between Perceived shame and guilt associated with having sex and authoritarian parenting style. Standard multiple regression indicated that permissive parenting style followed by authoritative parenting style made the strongest contribution to explaining the dependent variable (Attitudes towards sexual debut). Adolescents who are raised by parents that adopt permissive and authoritative parenting style are having positive attitudes toward sex which can lead them to engage in early sexual debut. However adolescents that are raised by authoritarian parents have negative attitudes which can delay early sexual debut.
Investigating the mental health needs of Zimbabwean refugees in Durban, South Africa : a thematic analysis.
(2017) Dreyer, Chandré.; Cartwright, Duncan James.
This study endeavoured to investigate the mental health needs of refugees to help establish the real cause of prevailing problems they experience in their host country, South Africa, so that deficits, gaps and needs in current intervention programs and services can be addressed to aid this population. The research questions aimed to investigate the psychological, emotional, social and environmental difficulties that refugees face on a daily basis which could contribute to their mental health needs. How refugees manage these difficulties was also investigated. A qualitative research design was used, with Braun and Clarke’s six-phased thematic analysis process used as the methodology of choice. Ten refugees from Zimbabwe living in Durban, South Africa, were purposively selected and semi-structured interviews were conducted to provide the required data. Thematic analysis was conducted and resulted in the identification of five themes: inaccessibility, basic needs, being a foreigner, emotional well-being, and internal and external coping strategies. The findings of this study show that refugees living in Durban present with mental health needs as they encounter various difficulties across the psychological, emotional, social and environmental domains. The primary difficulties identified by the refugees were difficulty with accessing employment and maintaining a secure income, as well as difficulty being a foreigner and not being accepted by the locals in Durban. The primary coping strategies identified by the refugees with these difficulties were their spiritual faith and social support. Limitations to the study included minimal time that the researchers could have with the refugees as only one interview could be conducted with each participant, and due to the sensitive experiences refugees might encounter, the possibility that some participants only share general and superficial concerns is possible.
Experiences of home-based care organizations in the context of the global financial crisis.
(2014) Gwelo, Netsai Bianca.; Akintola, Olagoke.
Background: The global economic crisis has posed major threats to the fight against HIV and AIDS especially in developing countries. The crisis which originated in well-developed economies such as the US in 2007/2008 (Kin & Penn, 2008) has impacted key drivers of growth in trade, investment, mining and manufacturing at a global level. However, it is unclear how this crisis is affecting small, non-profit organizations providing care and associated services to people living with and affected by HIV/AIDS. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of home-based care organizations in the context of the global financial crisis and its implications on the provision of services offered by home-based care organizations through the perspective of the managers. Methods: In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 managers who work in care organizations that provide care services to people living with HIV/AIDS using an interview schedule containing open-ended questions. Findings: The findings of the study show that the global financial crisis at the macro level has affected government and donors/funders’ grants to non-profit organizations. This has resulted in a reduction of funds allocated to care organizations. Funding cuts have severely affected care organizations at the exo-level. Care organizations were forced to employ different strategies such as organizational restructuring in order to survive in the new funding environment. This led to downscaling of services and the number of communities served, retrenchment of paid staff and reduced incentives for volunteer caregivers. Organizational restructuring had profoundly implications on recruited workers at the meso-level. Paid staff were confronted with retrenchment while volunteer caregivers were confronted with rationalization of incentives. At the micro level, there were severe implications for beneficiaries of care services. People who depended on these services are at a high risk of becoming more vulnerable to diseases and poverty. Recommendations: These findings highlight the need for the government to play a bigger role in the provision of funds and support to home-based care organizations. The government needs to incorporate home-based care into its social and economic policies to create a reliable source of funds for care organizations.
Exploring the impact of risk and protective factors on the experiences of refugee youth living in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal.
(2017) Barakamfitiye, Kassa.; Sliep, Yvonne.
The following study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of risk and protective factors experienced by refugee youth from the Democratic Republic of Congo residing in South Africa and their impact on the mental health of the group. The lived experiences and the mental health status and problems of adult refugees living in South Africa are well documented; however much less is known about the lived experiences and mental health status and problems of refugee youth living in South Africa. Refugee youth living in South Africa face a number of challenges due to a high level of risk factors in their daily lives. Risks can be moderated by protective factors. Protective factors reduce the impact of risk factors and act as coping mechanisms which youth use to cope with their everyday challenges. The interaction between risk and protective factors are important as they influence youth’s mental health status. Responses to stress can be internalized or externalized problems resulting in a compromised mental health status. If responded to appropriately it can result in prosocial behaviour. The Social Development Model (SDM) was used as the theoretical framework for the project. The model was used to provide an in-depth understanding of the interactions between risk and protective factors and the impact these factors have on mental health of refugee youth. The study was qualitative where data was collected in the form of individual semi-structured interviews with eight refugee youth from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) currently living in Durban. The sample was selected through convenience and purposive sampling techniques from a larger group from the same population. Study questions were based on the main risk and protective factors that are present to participants’ lives, including those related to structural violence. The findings of the study were analyzed and presented through thematic analysis. The study revealed several key findings related to the impact of xenophobia and financial difficulties. The results of the study showed that the young women tend to internalize problems resulting in more emotional and psychological distress such as social withdrawal, anxiety and fear and young men showed both internalized and externalized problems such as fear, avoidance, poor concentration, physical violence and so forth. Altruistic tendencies, empathy and sympathy were found in both male and female participants. These prosocial behaviours were as a result of the interaction between the risk and protective factors present in the youth’s lives.
Reflections on life stories by post-graduate students : intersectionality and agency.
(2016) Mbatha, Nombuso Nomfundo.; Sliep, Yvonne.
This study explored the reflections of post graduate students who completed a semester course called the Personal is the Professional, aimed at facilitating a reflexive and critical thinking. By working with their lived experiences students explored the intricacies of the society they live in and how this influences how they view the world and their professional lives. These include the intersection of gender, race, class and culture as dominant social discourses. In the telling and witnessing of life stories, the study traced how the students’ engagement with personal discourses created shifts in understanding how context shapes how they experience themselves and others. Through narratives, the study showed how students engage in and at times unintentionally contribute to dominant social discourses in their everyday lives. The results suggest that with increased reflexivity, there was a greater sense of personal and collective agency. This was evidenced by students’ ability to recognise and deconstruct their sense of self by looking deeply into the discourses as well as how they have impacted other students in the cohort. This study used qualitative methodology and was theoretically based on Bronfenbrenner’s (1977) Ecological perspective model and Bandura’s social cognitive theory (1989), which allowed the participants to locate themselves in different levels and structures that have impacted their lives. Data was collected through participant observation during class presentations and interactions; written tasks completed by the students throughout the module; and unstructured interviews to explore how students’ understanding of self and others had shifted over a five-month period. The sharing of personal stories in a safe space created the possibility to discover similarities and differences across different cultures, race groups and gender and resulted in a spirit of unity and collective agency. It also created a platform for deeper reflexivity. The written assignments provided a language and framework to create awareness and voice to articulate their experience resulting in a sense of freedom and confidence leading to a perception of greater agency in their personal and professional lives. The findings were discussed in relation to the existing literature, which was aligned to both local and international contexts. Implications of the study are discussed together with recommendations for further study in support of developing critical reflexivity and agency.
Finding the best fit : an exploration of contraceptive decision-making in a sample of female students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
(2016) Oyedeji, Enitan.; Patel, Cynthia Joan.
The discourse around contraceptive use has attracted researcher’s attention in recent times, due to the alarming rate of unwanted pregnancies and STIs including HIV/AIDS. In 2013, it was recorded that more than 99 000 schoolgirls fell pregnant at the rate of about 271 for every day of that year. These concerns emphasise the need for drastic improvement in sexual education and access to contraceptives such as condoms. Hence, this study attempts to examine how young women decide on contraception, focusing on the factors that influence the process. A grounded theory approach was used to explore the influences of contraceptive decision-making in a sample of seven (7) female students at the University KwaZulu Natal, Howard College campus. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and was analysed using Pidgeon and Henwood’s (1997) approach to grounded theory analysis. The aim was to gain insight on the factors influencing contraceptive decision-making by female university students. The research identified an interplay of various factors that influence respondents’choice of contraceptives. The factors include knowledge levels, partners’ role, social networking, health care workers (HCWs) and perceived side effects of contraceptives. This qualitative study showed that individual autonomous decision-making played a minor role in the decision-making process. The study highlights the need to empower young females to make informed decisions regarding the use of contraceptives.
Water, sanitation and hygiene in community and home-based care for people living with HIV/AIDS/TB in Durban, South Africa.
(2015) Mulopo, Chanelle.; Akintola, Olagoke.
The majority of HIV/AIDS patients in South Africa receive health care services at home. However, few studies have examined water; sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in home and community-based care. The main objective of this study was to explore community health workers’ (CHWs) perceptions of WASH in home-based care and the implications for people living with HIV/AIDS/TB, their family members and the health workers themselves. The participants in this qualitative study were drawn from four community home-based care organizations that provide care to HIV/AIDS/TB clients. These organizations are located in four marginalized communities in Durban. Data was collected using participant observation of care-giving activities; semi-structured interviews with five home-based care project managers from the organizations and five focus group discussions with a total of 49 CHWs. Some AIDS patients are incontinent. It is typical for CHWs to find patients in closed areas with bedding soiled by urine and feces. It was found that CHWs had limited access to protective materials such as gloves and aprons and therefore tended to avoid carrying out activities that could help maintain proper hygiene in the home for fear of infection. Furthermore, limited access to water and an unreliable water supply meant that CHWs had to fetch water from immediate neighbors or surrounding areas and this limited the time spent with their patients. The unavailability of water had ramifications for the number of times patients could bath. Insufficient water also presented a challenge to CHWS and families in maintaining proper sanitation. There is a great need for adequate water, proper sanitation and hygiene in community-based care. Inadequate access to water influences sanitation and hygiene, and this affects the work of CHWs. The government needs to respond promptly to the water and sanitation needs of marginalized communities with limited resources. The study’s findings have implications for policy on WASH and community-based care in low-income communities.
Male partner support among young unmarried pregnant women in Durban.
(2015) Phiri, Thandiwe Msipu.; Akintola, Olagoke.
The improvement of maternal and child health (MCH) outcomes has been an important part of the millennium development goals (MDGs). Although the world is at end of the MDG era, MCH remains an important issue globally as the MDGs have not been achieved in most countries. Maternal physical and psychological wellbeing is crucial because poor health during pregnancy does not only affect mothers but their unborn infants as well hence the integration of maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH). Young women in universities are likely to experience pregnancy due to the risky sexual behavior in tertiary institutions which is characterized by lack of condom and/or contraceptive use and coercion. Therefore, most of these pregnancies are unintended. Unintended pregnancy can be a traumatic experience for students and has been associated with negative maternal and child health outcomes. In addition, pregnant young women in an academic environment are susceptible to stressors such as meeting academic demands, lack of financial resources, unstable relationships with their partners and social stigma. This is a problem because stress in pregnancy has been associated with anxiety, depressive symptoms and is a risk factor for postpartum depression. Therefore, it has potential negative effects on MNCH outcomes. One way to cope with stress in pregnancy is receiving social support because of its role in mediating psychological wellbeing in stressful situations. The role of male partners in giving social support was the main area of interest in this study. Therefore, this study explores the support needs of pregnant students at the University of KwaZulu Natal in Durban, South Africa. Participants were purposively selected among pregnant students at the university. The findings show that pregnant students experience challenges in their environment which is a source of stress in pregnancy. To cope with these challenges, they seek different types of support such as emotional, instrumental, informational and financial support. Male partners are considered to be an important source of support in mediating stress and fostering physical and psychological wellbeing. The types of support received from male partners are mainly emotional and instrumental support. There is need for greater social support at different levels ranging from interpersonal, community and policy and male partner support should be encouraged by the health system for better MNCH outcomes.
Experiences' of Health science students' in relation to the use of laboratory animals for experimental research purposes : a phenomenological inquiry.
Coldwell, Sarah Jean Houston.; Johns, Lucinda Theresa.
The use of laboratory animals for research purposes has been debated for many years. Animal rights movements are strongly opposed to using animals for research purposes. There is also an argument that animal research is fundamental in the medical field to improve medical procedures and to develop new medical methods and treatments. Previous studies have primarily focused on issues of an ethical and moral nature regarding animal treatment, or on veterinarian sciences and animal shelter workers experiences. To my knowledge there is limited research focusing on postgraduate students’ experience and this research aims to address the gap. The study aims to explore the experiences of novice postgraduate research students using laboratory animals for their research and the influence of these experiences on their understanding of animal research and their psychological challenges. A qualitative approach was adopted using phenomenology as a framework and theory. Van Kaam’s descriptive phenomenological analysis was used to analyse eight email facilitated questionnaires completed by postgraduate students studying at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) Biomedical Research Unit. The themes that emerged were: The moral dilemma; the experience of guilt; role expectation to improve quality of human life; deterrents factors to the animal experience; coping strategies and beliefs about the BRU education programme. The findings revealed participates faced several challenges linked to conducting research on animals in terms of under-preparedness, emotional well-being and moral stressors. Recommendations include for more effective preparation methods and practice for students using animals for research purposes and to implement psychological services to assist those students experiencing difficulties due to the research process.

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