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Biochemistry

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Browsing Biochemistry by Subject "African trypanosomiasis--Immunological aspects."

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    Evaluation of congopain and Oligopeptidase B as anti-disease vaccines for African Trypanosomiasis.
    (2008) Bizaaré, Lorelle Claire.; Coetzer, Theresa Helen Taillefer.
    The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma congolense is one of the aetiological agents of African animal trypanosomiasis that is transmitted by the tsetse fly. The parasite causes nagana in animals and affects livestock throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The toxicity of available drugs and the emergence of drug resistant parasites have affected the treatment of trypanosomiasis. Control of the disease has also been difficult due to ineffective vector control and the potential of trypanosomes to express hundreds of antigenetically distinct proteins on their surface. Vaccination against trypanosomiasis has been thought to be a possible control method. Since a vaccine based on variable surface proteins of the parasite is unlikely, research has been directed towards the identification of invariant pathogenic factors of the parasite as potential targets for therapy. Congopain, the major cysteine protease of T. congolense has been implicated in the pathology of the disease. Antibodies against congopain are known to contribute to the mechanisms of natural resistance to trypanosomiasis known as trypanotolerance by neutralising the pathogenic effects of the enzyme. Oligopeptidase B (OpdB), a trypanosomal serine protease has also been associated as a pathogenic factor of the disease. It is released into the host’s circulation by dead or dying parasites and retains its catalytic activity since it is insensitive to host serum inhibitors. In the present study, the catalytic domain of congopain (C2) and the use of alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M) as an adjuvant were investigated for their potential use in an anti-disease vaccine. α2-Macroglobulin has been used to varying degrees to target different antigens to cells of the immune system and enhance their immunogenicity. A previous study showed that antibodies raised in rabbits against C2 complexed to α2M gave a higher percentage inhibition than antibodies made using C2 mixed with Freund’s adjuvant. In the present study, goats were immunised with C2 complexed with α2M to confirm the enhanced immunogenicity of C2 and the production of anti-C2 antibodies with superior inhibitory properties. Following immunisation, goats were challenged with T. congolense (strain IL 1180) and showed sustained antibody production during the two month infection period. Goat antibodies made using C2 in complex with α2M inhibited the hydrolysis of hide powder azure by C2 by 96%. Maximum inhibition of the hydrolysis of azocasein was observed to be 63% and hydrolysis of Z-Phe-Arg-AMC by C2 was inhibited by 73%. In order to determine the vaccine potential of OpdB, protein was recombinantly expressed as a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein in the pGEX expression system and purified by glutathione agarose affinity chromatography and molecular exclusion chromatography. Since a small yield of protein necessitated several rounds of expression and extensive purification, OpdB was subsequently expressed as a His-tagged fusion protein in the pET bacterial expression system. Recombinant protein was easily purified using nickel chelate affinity chromatography. Purified OpdB was used with alum for the immmunisation of mice to produce antibodies capable of inhibiting enzyme activity. Following immunisation, mice were challenged with T. congolense (strain IL 1180) and also showed sustained antibody production following two months infection. Since all mice died, the administration of OpdB conferred no protection; however, anti-OpdB mouse antibodies inhibited 86% of OpdB activity against the substrate Z-Arg-Arg-AMC. In addition immunised mice were observed to survive 40% longer than control mice as they had previously been immunised with OpdB and were able to mount a rapid immune response against this pathogenic factor during infection. In general it could be concluded that immunisation of goats with C2 in complex with α2M produced antibodies with superior inhibitory properties. The immunisation of mice with OpdB and alum also produced inhibitory antibodies and previous administration of OpdB enabled mice to mount a rapid immune response against OpdB during infection. Antibody mediated enzyme inhibition demonstrates the potential use of C2 and OpdB as vaccines that may contribute to the development of an effective anti-disease vaccine.
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    Investigation of the molecular adjuvant potential of Trypanosoma congolense BiP/HSP70 using congopain as model antigen.
    (2011) Hadebe, Sabelo Goodman.; Boulangé, Alain François V.; Coetzer, Theresa Helen Taillefer.
    African animal trypanosomiasis is a major threat to African agriculture causing a loss estimated to 4.5 billion US$ per annum. Trypanosoma congolense is the major causative agent in African animal trypanosomiasis and is transmitted by tsetse flies of the Glossina spp. Congopain, a major cathepsin L-like cysteine peptidase in T. congolense is associated with trypanotolerance in N‘Dama cattle and is a target for an anti-disease vaccine. It is suggested that trypanotolerant cattle control the disease by antibody mediated neutralisation of congopain, and that immunisation of cattle against congopain can mimic trypanotolerance resulting in minimised disease pathology. Susceptible cattle immunised with recombinant catalytic domain of congopain, C2, produced high levels of anti-congopain IgG specific antibodies against congopain, maintained weight and exhibited less severe anaemia. However, there was no effect on the establishment of T. congolense infection and acute anaemia development in trypanosusceptible cattle. It has been suggested that failure of congopain to give full protection of the host may be due to poor presentation to the immune system by conventional adjuvants used in previous studies. The aim of the present study was to improve the presentation of the catalytic domain of congopain (C2) to the immune system, by linking it to the proposed molecular adjuvant, BiP, an ER localised HSP70. A further aim was to localise the domain(s) of BiP where the adjuvant properties reside. BiP consists of an ATPase domain (ATPD), a peptide binding domain (PBD) and a C-terminal domain (C-term). Consequently, BiP69, BiP69 lacking the C-terminal domain (BiP60), BiP coding fragments (ATPD, PBD and C-term) and the C2 coding sequence were amplified by PCR from either genomic T. congolense DNA or plasmid DNA. The PCR products were each sub-cloned into a pTZ57RT vector, and C2 cloned into a pET-28a expression vector. The BiP coding fragments were inserted into the recombinant pET-28a-C2 vector, resulting in pET-28a-BiP69-C2, pET-28a-BiP60-C2, pET-28a-ATPD-C2, pET-28a-PBD-C2 and pET-28a-C-term-C2 coding chimeras. The fusion proteins were expressed in an E. coli system as insoluble inclusion bodies at the expected sizes of 96 kDa (BiP69-C2), 88 kDa (BiP60-C2), 47 kDa (PBD-C2), 34 kDa (C-term-C2) and 27 kDa (C2). However, the ATPD-C2 fusion protein was expressed at a larger and smaller size in different attempts. Protein expression was confirmed by western blots using anti-BiP antibodies and anti-congopain N-terminal peptide antibodies. Recombinantly expressed peptide binding domain (PBD)-C2, C-terminus-C2, BiP69-C2, BiP60-C2 chimeras and a BiP69 fusion protein were purified and refolded by a Ni-NTA based one-step on-column refolding method. Bacterial proteins co-purifying with BiP69-C2 and BiP60-C2 chimeras were removed by incubation with 5 mM ATP in the dissociation buffer, but poor yields resulted in using these chimeras as non-pure proteins. Immunisation of Balb/c mice with the BiP69-C2 fusion protein chimera induced a higher antibody response to C2 compared to immunisation with the BiP69/C2 mixture or with C2 in Adjuphos/Quil A. BiP69-C2 and PBD-C2 chimeras and BiP69/C2 mixture induced a robust antibody response to BiP69, but no correlation could be made with the contribution to control of parasitemia and disease induced pathology. Mice immunised with BiP69-C2 and PBD-C2 chimeras showed a better booster effect of T. congolense infection with higher anti-C2 antibody stimulation compared to control groups. Immunisation did not change the establishment of T. congolense infection and anaemia development in most immunised groups. However, mice immunised with the BiP69/C2 mixture and with the PBD-C2 chimera produced anti-C2 antibodies possible contributing to clearing parasites 10 days and 16 days earlier respectively, than mice immunised with BiP69-C2, C-term-C2 and BiP60-C2 chimeras and PBS, C2 and C2 in Adjuphos/Quil A control groups and showed no clinical symptoms of the disease. There was no significant difference in percentage mice survival between BiP-C2 chimera immunised mice and control groups immunised with C2 alone or with a mixture of Adjuphos/Quil A or immunised with PBS. In the present study, it was shown that BiP69 has adjuvant effects when linked to C2 and that its peptide binding domain acts as an adjuvant. It is possible that the removal of the C-terminal domain reduced the adjuvant potency of the peptide binding domain suggesting a prominent role in the adjuvant effect of the BiP molecule. Finding the exact role of the C-terminal domain in the adjuvant effect of BiP would be of utmost interest, and would involve comparing anti-C2 antibody response produced by immunisation with C2 linked to the peptide binding domain with or without the C-terminal domain. Future work includes repeating this study in trypanosusceptible cattle to confirm these findings.