The need for affordable, clean, efficient, and sustainable solar cells informed this study. Metal oxide TiO²/NiO heterojunction solar
cells were fabricated using the spray pyrolysis technique. The optoelectronic properties of the heterojunction were determined. The
fabricated solar cells exhibit a short-circuit current of 16.8 mA, open-circuit voltage of 350 mV, fill factor of 0.39, and conversion
efficiency of 2.30% under 100mW/cm² illumination. This study will help advance the course for the development of low-cost,
environmentally friendly, and sustainable solar cell materials from metal oxides.
