Browsing by Author "Lebese, Thabiso C."

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Optimisation of propagation methods in Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.
(2001) Lebese, Thabiso C.; Bertling, Isa.; Bower, John Patrick.
Propagating methods for peach (Prumis persica L. Batsch.) are currently limited to the use of seeds or cuttings. Most of the rootstocks commonly used for establishing peach trees commercially originate from a narrow genetic base. The most commonly used peach rootstock in South Africa is 'Kakamas', which has disadvantages such as slow growth, and a high susceptibility to certain pests and diseases. 'Kakamas' is classified as a mid to late ripening cultivar, hence, its use as a rootstock is restricted in early ripening cultivars. Optimising peach seedling and cutting production may on the other hand increase more selection material that will increase genetic variability and also serve as the basis for future production and selection of rootstocks for peach nursery establishments. Hence, this study was designed to improves success of peach cutting production by increasing the rooting percentage and the survival rate of cuttings. This was firstly achieved by the application of various concentrations of IBA and several rooting-cofactors. Secondly, rooting success of cuttings taken at different seasons was studied. The response of two cutting positions to various IBA and rooting-cofactor was evaluated. Attempts were also made to overcome the requirement of peaches for a seed stratification period by using plant growth regulators. Studies to optimise the establishment and growth of embryos of early to late ripening cultivars ('Klara', 'Oom Sarel' and' Summer Giant') in vitro were undertaken to overcome the problem of small underdeveloped embryos which are often obtained from early ripening peach cultivars. The early ripening peach cultivars 'DeWet', 'Earlibelle' and 'Florida Prince' were propagated by softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings prepared from August 1999 to July 2000. It was found that softwood cuttings prepared in October and November responded well to an IBA application of 1000 mg 1(-1), resulting in 100 % rooting in all three cultivars. In 'Florida Prince' and 'DeWet' the rooting-cofactors chlorogenic acid and phloroglucinol at the concentration of 100ug 1(-1) yielded 77 % and 81 % rooting, respectively while quercitin and rutinin gave only 46 and 44 % rooting for all cultivars. The basal portion of the cutting rooted better than the terminal portion (78 % versus 58 %). Rooting percentage differed in all treatments in response to IBA application and rooting-cofactors 74 % for 'Florida Prince', 62 % for 'DeWet' and 54 % for 'Earlibelle'. The use of IBA and Ca-EDTA proved to be beneficial for rooting of 'Florida Prince' cuttings and resulted in a rooting percentage of 86 % in wounded hardwood cuttings of this cultivar. It was also shown that the simple sugars glucose, fructose and sucrose as well as the sugar alcohols sorbitol and mannitol accumulated at the base of the cutting during adventitious base root formation if the cutting bases were treated with 1000 mg 1(-1) IBA. The concentration of these sugars and sugar alcohols were lower in untreated cuttings compared to IBA treated cuttings during the adventitious root formation process. Studies on the origin of adventitious root formation in stem cuttings of peaches were conducted using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. These studies revealed that adventitious roots originate (in peaches) in the vicinity of the vascular bundle tissue and in the cells around them. It was found, however, that adventitious root formation in IBA treated cuttings is associated with the formation of root primordia. These may trigger root initiation and ultimately the development of adventitious roots. In embryo culture studies the highest number of roots and greatest length of roots per embryo as well as the highest number of embryos forming roots was achieved when either the medium of Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962) or of Steward and Hsu (SH) (1978) were employed. The Woody Plant medium (Lloyd and McCowan, 1978) and the medium after Schenk and Hildebrandt (1972) were found to be less effective when compared to MS and SH media. Addition of GA(3) (0.01 mg 1(-1)), BAP (0.2 mg 1(-1)) or GA(3) (0.01 mg 1(-1))+ BAP (0.2 mg 1(-1))+IBA (0.5 mg 1(-1)) to the media gave the best results with respect to embryos forming roots (86 %), number of roots per embryo (8.0) and total length of roots per embryo (7.57 cm). Furthermore, the following conditions for optimal rooting of peach embryos were established: pH 5.2, 1.5 g 1(-1) agar, 60 g 1(-1) sucrose and 16h light/8h darkness photo period. Further studies on the influence of the stratification temperature on germination of embryos revealed the highest germination percentage after exposure to 40 C ±2 constantly for 30 to 60 days. However, this chilling requirement can be successfully substituted by the addition of GA(3) , kinetin, zeatin, BA and thiourea to the culture media.