Browsing by Author "Kalina, Marc Ronald."

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3

Citizen, state, and the negotiation of development: the Nacala development corridor and the N13 highway rehabilitation programme.
(2017) Kalina, Marc Ronald.; Scott, Dianne.
For rural citizens in developing countries, the extension of infrastructural networks into previously remote areas is one of the primary ways in which the state comes into view through development. In some countries, citizens affected by infrastructural development are able to negotiate with the state over local developmental outcomes through engagement with the state and the advocacy of interested intermediaries. An examination of Mozambique’s experiences, in this thesis, however suggests that the dominance of state power within developmental processes, as well as a lack of commitment to governance of the authoritarian Mozambican state, limits the ability of Mozambican citizens to equitably engage with the state over the negotiation of local developmental outcomes. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the development of the Nacala Development Corridor Programme and the N13 Highway Rehabilitation Project in northern Mozambique as a lens through which to more broadly interrogate the impacts of the development on local citizens and examine the relationship between citizen and state within development processes. The research contributes to theoretical debates, in which a gap exists for critical, English-language research, set within a developing nation context. The study adopts a qualitative and deductive explanatory case study design in order to evaluate the implications of the infrastructure interventions associated with the Nacala Development Corridor and the N13 Highway Rehabilitation. The study is rooted within the discipline of development studies and provides critical engagement with the theories of the developmental state and Mozambican neoliberalism. Furthermore, the study draws on Foucault’s concept of ‘governmentality,’ as well as a number of post-Foucauldian concepts in relation to state-citizen relations, in order to provide a set of analytical concepts for interpreting the interactions between citizen and state. This study reveals that in the case of the Nacala Development Corridor and the rehabilitation of the N13 Highway, state-citizen relations in Mozambique are complex, and are constantly being reshaped by the transformational impacts of infrastructural development. As a result of these developments, citizens along the N13 have altered their relationship with a previously distant government and are increasingly looking to hold the state accountable on development issues. The rehabilitation of the N13 in particular, has dramatically increased the number and nature of local communities’ interactions with state institutions by forcing affected individuals to negotiate their continued existence in relation to the road. However, processes of negotiation over local developmental outcomes are shallow, with the state dominant in decision-making. As a result, some citizens have turned to alternative forms of participation, such as lodging complaints, in order to have their voices heard. Such methods are unevenly available to citizens within the study area, and are largely ineffective in challenging the exertion of state power within development. However, the majority of citizens within the study area are reluctant to resist the state, instead demonstrating a passive sense of ‘uncritical’ citizenship evident in the term ‘governo papa’ in describing the role of the state.
Examining practices and traditions of waste re-use as an alternative feedstock in the poultry industry in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
(2022) Chetty, Karina.; Mtapuri, Oliver.; Kalina, Marc Ronald.
The overarching aim and the purpose of this case study was to examine the practices of the poultry industry’s waste re-use as an alternative feedstock for enhancing the livelihood of Urban Farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In the study, the researcher relied on 13 in-depth interviews which required the participants to share their knowledge and experiences in the poultry industry. Qualitative methodology was used, with thematic analysis to analyze the data. Purposive and snowball sampling was the method of sample selection, and interviews and questionnaires were employed for data collection. A theoretical framework for discussing and studying indigenous knowledge as a theory of communication that fluidly operates within and outside of modernity, was adopted. This discussion is part of a continuance of public conversations on the path of indigenous knowledge in development studies, and communication research. The main findings were that there were many environmental concerns regarding poultry waste. These can be solved by proper waste management systems, which were shown by the different waste management re-use practices that were adopted over the years by the different poultry sectors in South Africa. The other finding was that using poultry by-products as fertilizers in soil proves to have a positive crop yield throughout the year and solves the disposal problems from poultry waste. One of the key conclusions was that poultry does not only serve as a healthy source of protein but is also economical for both farmers and consumers. This study showed that there are more female farmers that are integrated into the poultry farming sector. To minimize the negative impacts brought by the poultry industry, there needs to be proper waste management implementations, as known by the numerous sustainable re-use patterns.
An investigation into the optimisation of small scale anaerobic digestion process systems for rural south Africa.
(2020) Ogwang, Jonathan Olal.; Trois, Cristina.; Kalina, Marc Ronald.
South Africa’s rural communities have been historically characterised by persistent service delivery challenges, including: lack of waste management services, poor access to reliable sanitation systems, and inconsistent and unaffordable energy options. Although the viability of biogas as decentralised waste management, sanitation, and energy solutions for rural areas within the Global South has been well documented within contemporary literature, biogas interventions within South Africa have not been successful for a variety of reasons, namely, limited research and implementation, despite a readily abundant supply of suitable feedstock within rural contexts. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the development of a best practice model for rural biogas provision in South Africa. It is contextualised within two interrelated but distinct rural bioenergy projects located in Ndwedwe Local Municipality (NLM), KwaZulu- Natal, funded by the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) and the National Lotteries Commission (NLC); these encompass 26 household digesters and integrated biogas provision and sanitation systems at five Early Childhood Development Centres (ECDCs). Utilising a mixed-methodological approach, interventions were evaluated on their socio-economic, energy, and sanitation outcomes, and an optimisation plan was implemented to address identified shortcomings. In addition, locally available feedstock, such as cow dung, food waste, and human excreta, were characterised and analysed in order to develop optimised feeding regimens, appropriate for specific contexts and available waste streams. Finally, the development and testing of an optimised prototype digester design, based on the Chinese Fixed Dome Digester (CFDD), demonstrated superior biogas output at a higher organic loading rate (OLR) when compared to a control. This optimised design would enable digestion of larger quantities of organic waste which would be expected at a higher economy of scale. In conclusion, this study finds that the issues that have hindered the successful implementation of biogas interventions in rural areas are manifold, but can be eliminated or optimised to produce better waste management, sanitation or energy outcomes. These proposed opimitisations in design and implementation should inform future biogas interventions in KwaZulu-Natal, while contributing to a best practice model for rural biogas provision in South Africa.