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Electronic Engineering

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Browsing Electronic Engineering by Author "Asiyo, Mike Omondi."

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    Characterization and modelling of effects of clear air on multipath fading in terrestrial links.
    (2013) Asiyo, Mike Omondi.; Afullo, Thomas Joachim Odhiambo.
    The increased application of digital terrestrial microwave radio links in communication networks has renewed attention in techniques of estimating the probability of multipath fading distributions. Nevertheless, the unpredictable variation of the wireless transmission medium remains a challenge. It has been ascertained that the refraction of electromagnetic waves is due to the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of the refractive index, and causes adverse effects such as multipath and diffraction fading. The knowledge of the characteristics of such causes of these fading phenomena is essential for the accurate design of terrestrial line of sight (LOS) links of high performance and availability. Refractivity variation is random in space and time and cannot be described in a deterministic manner and has to be considered as a random variable with probabilistic characteristics. In this dissertation, radiosonde soundings data is used in characterizing the atmospheric conditions and determining the geoclimatic factor K used in predicting the distribution of multipath fading for five locations in South Africa. The limitations of radiosonde measurements are lack of time resolution and poor spatial resolution. The latter has been reduced by spatial interpolation techniques in our study, specifcally, the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method. This is used in determining the point refractivity gradient not exceeded for 1 % of the time from which the geoclimatic factor is estimated. Fade depth and outage probability due to multipath propagation is then predicted from the International Telecommunications Union Recommendations (ITU-R) techniques. The results are compared with values from Central Africa. The results obtained using the ITU-R method are also compared with region-based models of Bannett-Vigants of USA and Morita of Japan. Three spatial interpolation techniques (Kriging, Thin-Plate Spline and Inverse Distance Weighting) are then used in interpolating the geoclimatic factor K in places where radiosonde data is not available. The estimated values have been used to develop contour maps for geoclimatic factor K for South Africa. Statistical assessment of these methods is done by calculating the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) between a set of control points and the interpolated results. The best performing method is used to map the seasonal geoclimatic factor K for the entire study region. The estimated values of geoclimatic factor will improve accuracy in predicting outage probability due to multipath propagation in LOS links in the region which is a key contribution of this work.
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    Multiscaling analysis and modelling of bursty impulsive noise in broadband power line communication channels.
    (2017) Asiyo, Mike Omondi.; Afullo, Thomas Joachim Odhiambo.
    Power line communication (PLC) networks have the potential to offer broadband application services to homes and small offices cheaply since no additional wiring is required for it implementation. However, like other communication systems, it has its own challenges and the understanding of its channel characteristics is key to its optimal performance evaluation and deployment. Multipath propagation due to impedance mismatch and bursty impulsive noise are the important challenges that must be understood and their effects minimized for optimal system performance. Noise in power line communication networks is non-Gaussian and as such cannot be modelled as the convenient additive white Gaussian noise. The noise is known to be impulsive and in most cases, occurs in bursts. Therefore, it can be referred as bursty impulsive noise. Due to unique nature of this noise in power line channels, modulation and decoding schemes optimized for Gaussian channels may not necessarily work well in PLC systems. Recently developed noise models though take into consideration memory inherent in PLC noise, models capturing both long range correlations and multiscaling behaviour are not yet available in the literature. Furthermore, even though it is known that PLC noise has memory (i.e., it is correlated), the statistical properties of it is not well documented in the literature and will be the focus of this thesis. In this thesis, multiscaling behaviour of PLC noise is investigated. Both fractal and multifractal analysis methods are employed on noise data collected in three different scenarios (small offices, stand-alone apartment and University electronic laboratory) and their characteristics analysed. Multifractal analysis is employed since it is able to characterize both the strengths and frequency of occurrence of bursts in power line noise. Specifically, the contributions in this thesis are as follows: Firstly, empirical evidence is provided that PLC noise clearly manifests long range correlations behaviour. This is achieved by calculating the Hurst parameter (which is a measure of self similarity) in data from the above scenarios. Various methods employed to estimate this Hurst parameter reveal that in all the scenarios, long range dependence is evidenced. Secondly, multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MDFA) and multifractal detrending moving average (MDMA) analysis have been used to investigate the temporal correlations and scaling behaviour of power line channel noise measured from the three different scenarios mentioned earlier. Empirical results show that power line noise clearly manifests both long-range correlation and multifractal scaling behaviour with different strengths depending on the environments where they were captured. From the estimated singularity spectrum which is left truncated, it is evident from the two methods used that power line noise is sensitive to small fluctuations and is characterized by large scaling exponents. Multifractal analysis of the reshuffled time series noise reveal that the multifractal nature of PLC noise is as a result of long range correlation inherent in the noise and not from the heavy tailed distributions in it. Thirdly, we propose a multiplicative cascade model for PLC noise that is able to reproduce the empirical findings concerning the PLC noise time series: its local scaling behaviour and long range correlations. Model parameters are derived from the shape of multifractal spectrum of the PLC time series noise collected from measurement campaigns. Since in the recent past, the main challenge in PLC systems has been on how to model bursty impulsive PLC noise, the proposed model will be very useful in evaluating system performance of PLC networks in the presence of the bursty impulsive noise inherent in PLC networks. Moreover, bursts of different frequencies and strengths can be modelled by this proposed model and hence their effects on system performance evaluated. This will also open up investigations into designing modulation and decoding schemes that are optimal in systems prone to bursty impulsive noise.