Town and Regional Planning

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The application of new urbanism towards sustainable urban development : a case study of Umhlanga Ridge, Durban.
(2009) Ofosu-Kwakye, Yvonne.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
Currently, the global agenda of sustainability and sustainable development have become the yardstick to which human activities are measured. The concept of sustainability is known to contain directives, when implemented will ensure that resources are used in ways that can benefit current and future generations. The ways in which spatial planning and urban development occur have also become relevant in this respect. Within this premise, urban form has also become relevant to the urban sustainability. Umhlanga Ridge Town Centre is a private development modeled on the concept of New Urbanism. The concept of New Urbanism is known to contain elements which respond positively to current urban challenges such as urban sprawl, increased pollution from automobile dependency and socio-economic polarization. In essence, New Urbanism purports to contribute towards urban sustainability. The main objective of this research has been to ascertain the extent to which the current developments in Umhlanga Ridge satisfy the principles of New Urbanism and urban sustainability. This included the identification of appropriate indicators of a sustainable urban form. Emphasis was made on how the indicators of urban form had manifested in the development of Umhlanga Ridge Town Centre and the impacts they have had on identified urban challenges in the Ethekwini Municipality. The rationale was that sustainable urban development must be able to address local urban challenges and promote sustainable practices within the private and the public domain. The methodology for this research included the use of secondary and primary sources. Interviews were conducted with Tongaat Hulett Development in their capacity as a land owner and planners of the Umhlanga Ridge Town Centre. The Ethekwini Municipality was also interviewed with respect to what impacts this development had had on their overall long-term development strategy. Three renowned planners who had adequate knowledge of urban development trends in the Ethekwini Municipality were also interviewed. A questionnaire survey was undertaken with users of the Umhlanga Ridge Town Centre to gain their perceptions on urban form in relation to their needs. The research revealed that the application of New Urbanism in the development of Umhlanga Ridge Town Centre was partly an investment initiative for profit-maximisation as well as a response to sustainable practices in urban development. Being part of a major investment node in the Ethekwini region, it had contributed towards job creation and enhanced the economic base of the region. However, it was found to have partially fulfilled the principles of New Urbanism used in the assessment. It was concluded that the application of New Urbanism in urban development was not adequate to achieve urban sustainability but provided lessons which can be learnt such the use of high densities to enhance compaction and the creation of a living environment which supported non-motorised forms of transport. Private sector participation and buy-in into the long-term vision of regions had also become necessary to enhance the adoption of sustainable practices into the future.
Assessing women's participation in planning and construction of their houses : a case study of the Piesang River People's Housing Project, Durban.
(2013) Khumalo, Phumelele.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.; Myeni, Wonderboy Vincent.
African women in the past were not given equal opportunities with men in planning and construction of their houses. As a result there is no clear indicative level of participation of women during the planning and construction of their houses. The People’s Housing Process is one of the approaches adopted by government and community organizations to encourage community participation in their housing projects but; women’s involvement is still not clear. Therefore this research is aiming to understand the activities performed by women, their roles in related activities, and the methods that they used to get involved in the planning and construction of their houses. A Qualitative research has been conducted to identify the level of women’s engagement in planning and construction of their houses in the People’s Housing Process (PHP) project at Piesang River. The findings of the study revealed that the Urban Poor Fund (UPF) savings system, together with the government subsidy for housing, empowered women to participate in planning and construction of their houses at Piesang River. Moreover; the findings indicated that town planning procedures and bylaws were not properly applied during project planning and implementation. In conclusion this dissertation recommends the formation of Municipal Community Partnership (MCP) for Piesang River FedUP community and EThekwini municipality, in which both stakeholders work together to address the way forward for the project in preference to continuing blaming each other for the shortfalls.
An assessment of waste management practices in South Africa: a case study of Mariannhill landfill site, eThekwini Municipality.
(2009) Garner, Emcy.; Odendaal, Nancy.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
A number of environmental, social and economic problems are associated with waste disposal in landfill operations. The potential hazards associated with landfill operations are numerous and include fatal accidents, infrastructure damage, pollution of the local environment, harmful air emissions, to simple nuisance problems – such as dust, odour, vermin, and noise pollution. Further challenges include the availability of land and lack of municipal or other financing in the face of rising operation costs. Landfilling is, however, seen by many as an environmentally responsible and cost-effective solution to waste disposal. It is acknowledged however to lead to waste of resources by burying valuable materials that could have been reutilized. Careful engineering can resolve this shortcoming, yet the associated challenges and costs can become prohibitive. The regulatory environment also affects the prospects for adopting this approach to landfill site management in different contexts. The Mariannhill landfill site in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa, provides an opportunity to investigate both the range of challenges which these type of sites encounter, and the solutions which have been developed as a response. The central questions which this research seeks to answer are whether the practices adopted by the Mariannhill landfill site are replicable in other solid waste landfills around eThekwini and whether it can be viewed as an example of best practice in landfill site management more generally. The research finds that the main barrier to easy replication of systems followed at Mariannhill in other landfill sites is the difficulty in replicating the specific structures and character of management. Another key determining factor found is the prevailing attitudes to recycling and the environment in general in the society. Consumers choices are seen to be critical to the prospects for recycling of solid waste, including the size, degradability and recyclable potential of products purchased. In considering the potential for replication of the Mariannhill model as an example of best practice, it becomes clear that the technical aspects of operations at Mariannhill are the most easily replicable, yet other and equally important determinants of success are not easily replicable. These include the existing regulatory environment and prevailing societal attitudes towards recycling.
Community participation in the Integrated Development Plan preparation process: the case of Ndwedwe Local Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal.
(2013) Matosse, Elijah Phumlane.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
This study examines community participation and focuses on the preparation of the Integrated Development Plan in Ndwedwe Local Municipality. Before 1994, the apartheid government had a top down approach that did not engage communities to participate in the preparation of integrated development planning process and rural areas were neglected. After 1994 the new democratic government sought to establish a people driven approach to development characterised by community participation. Homelands formed part of segregation development hence there were no local municipalities to drive development in rural areas such as Ndwedwe. The new dispensation of democratically elected government focuses on integrated development and mandated by policies such as Municipality Systems, Act No. 32 of 2000; Municipality Structural Act No 32 of 2000 and Development Facilitation Act of 1995. They provide a mandate to local municipalities to render service to local communities and to endeavour to address the problems of the past through integrated development planning process. The policies provide the responsibility for the municipality to administer development and transform local communities from the segregation development to IDP process which involves all the stakeholders. The purpose of this study is to examine community participation in the Integrated Development Plan preparation in Ndwedwe Local Municipality, focusing on ward 15 and 16 which, are amongst the 19 wards that constitute Ndwedwe local municipality. Data for the study was collected from ward communities and the local municipality through interviews which were conducted with the ward councillor's, the Mayor, the IDP Manager and members of community. The study findings revealed there was tokenism with respect to community participation in the preparation of the plan, since the citizens were not fully empowered to drive the process. Poverty and the backlogs in terms of social, infrastructural and environmental could be addressed through strong participation with support systems such as funds, skills development and investments in infrastructural development.
An evaluation of compliance with environmental regulations : the case of South Durban Basin industries, eThekwini Municipality.
(2012) Nzimande, Bhekani David.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
South Durban Basin is one of the places that have experienced environmental pollution. This challenge started back in 1950s and exacerbated during the 1960s as development of heavy industries increased. Environmental pollution and air pollution in particular, has resulted in a huge struggle for the local and surrounding communities of South Durban Basin. The struggle was strengthen mostly by health impact of industrial pollution which included asthma, tuberculosis, cancer and chest problems. This situation has lasted in a conflict and dispute between local communities and industries. This study evaluates the extent to which the industries in South Durban Basin comply with environmental regulations. As a hypothesis, it is argued within this study that most industries in South Durban Basin and South Africa as a whole are production and profit driven. There is very little attention paid to protect and manage the environment. As part of the findings, it has been found that pollution in South Durban Basin has worsened and required full involvement of all relevant stakeholders including Non-Government Organizations, local communities, government and industries. The local government and eThekwini municipality in particular has tried to mitigate and come out with environmental management programmes. However, the worsening of the situation shows that there is no or little compliance by industries and this is as a result of the lack of enforcement of environmental regulations.
Examining public participation in post-apartheid spatial development planning projects. A case study of the KwaMashu Urban Renewal Project.
(2013) Ndlela, Anele Phindile.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
This study examines public participation in post-apartheid planning projects, using the KwaMashu Urban Renewal Project as a Case Study. A qualitative approach was adopted in the investigation. This study made the use of unstructured open ended interviews and observation to obtain primary data, which was thereafter analysed though the use of the thematic method. The study revealed that the process of Public Participation within the planning field has evolved substantially within the context of South Africa. There is adequate legislation and the necessary structures for public participation are present within the community. However, there is insufficient depth in legislation to ensure that public participation has an impact on final decision making. The extent of participation in the KwaMashu Renewal Project as a whole was minimal. This is mainly due to the nature of the participatory methods that were used which did not allow the community to fully engage with the planning processes within the different sub projects. It was evident that these [participatory methods] were mainly applied to fulfil the regulatory obligation for public participation in spatial development projects. The challenges of public participation that were noted within the case study include internal politics, land ownership and illegal occupation in state owned buildings. The study recommends early inclusion of the community in such projects and allowing for the community to be part of the creative process in projects. Secondly, this study also recommends that there needs to be a diffusion of power and diminishing limits of public participation within planning projects.
Examining the role of community based tourism as a local economic development tool : the case of the Inanda Heritage Route.
(2013) Ncube, Siyethemba Silungile.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
This dissertation examines the role of Community Based Tourism as a Local Economic Development tool. It sought to establish the impact of Local Economic Development (LED) strategies employed by the Inanda Ntuzuma KwaMashu Area Based Management program (INK ABM) in alleviating poverty in Inanda Township through their living Heritage Site. It attempts to establish whether Community Based Tourism has had an impact on the economic empowerment of communities residing within the Inanda Heritage Route. Poverty Social and Impact Assessment was used in the assessment. The study revealed that LED strategies have had a significant impact in improving infrastructure and service delivery at Inanda Township, however Local Economic Development strategies have had marginal impact in improving the income, assets indicators, human capabilities, market share and employment creation for the local residents of Inanda. Moreover the study revealed that there is a strong positive correlation between education levels and the lack of success of entrepreneurs. A major finding is that LED strategies along the Inanda Heritage Route do not target all the segments of the poor in a meaningful way. As such the study suggests a new LED agenda in Inanda Township which is: holistic, targets all the segments of the poor, encourages skills development and consists of various investment packages which would ensure that poverty in its multidimensionality is addressed meaningfully.
Examining the role of integrated development planning on infrastructure service delivery : the case study of Kwanyuswa, eThekwini Municipality.
(2013) Mzimela, Siphamandla Francis.; Chipungu, Lovemore.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
This research sought to examines how Integrated Development Planning has been used as an approach for improving infrastructure service delivery in historically disadvantaged communities. It examines the extent to which integrated development planning has been used to facilitate infrastructure provision in KwaNyuswa. It identifies key development challenges that are currently faced by the eThekwini Municipality in its attempts to accelerate infrastructure service delivery in KwaNyuswa. Both secondary and primary sources of data were used to source information. Key experts and community members were interviewed to supplement data from secondary sources. It was found that KwaNyuswa has a large proportion of Durban Metro Open Space, riverines and steep divided topography which constraint infrastructure provision in the area. Nevertheless, EThekwini Municipality has to a large extent managed to provide affordable services such as water and electricity in KwaNyuswa. Despite this success, roads and transportation networks have not been upgraded especially in sub-settlements called “Izigodi” and no Reconstruction and Development Programme Houses have been constructed since 1994. The study has identified a rural planning scheme, the affordable service delivery strategy, human capital development programme and nodal development strategies as solutions to enhance infrastructure provision in KwaNyuswa. Lessons learnt were identified jointly with recommendations to make Integrated Development Planning work in KwaNyuswa.
The impact of unsettled land claim on local spatial planning : a case of Mount Frere, Umzimvubu Local Municipality.
(2011) Thobela, Simphiwe.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
This thesis undertakes an in-depth study of the Mount Frere land claim. The study focuses on the impact of unsettled land claims in small rural towns of the former Bantustan on local spatial planning. There is no known evidence of similar studies done in small rural towns, therefore the study will contribute to the construction of body of knowledge. The study takes a case study method to analyse the impact of unsettled land claims. The analysis provides a platform for drawing possible policy recommendations in respect of urban land claims in small rural towns of the former Bantustans. The thesis central argument is that the delay of settling the land claims in the small rural towns of the former Bantustans has a negative impact on the local spatial planning. The poor local spatial planning results in an uncoordinated development which constrains development in general. The study argues that the law as it stands does not clarify the role of local municipalities during the process of land claim. The study will further argue that land restoration may not always be the appropriate relief for the claimants in the case of urban land claims in small towns. In the case of Mount Frere the municipality appears to have taken a confrontational approach towards the claimants as witnessed by the number of court cases opened against the claimants. This resulted on a breakdown of trust between the municipality and the claimants. The role of the land claims commission also appears to have contributed to the problems of delayed settlement of the claim. The municipality wants to oppose restoration but the municipality seems to be unaware of section 34 of the Restitution of Land Rights Act. It is argued that there is little focus on the land claims in the rural small towns of the former Bantustans and as such this is retarding development and investment on infrastructure and local economic development. The delayed settlement has also made land invasion and illegal sale of land to be rampant and benefiting individuals and not all the claimants in the process.
Land conversion impact on economic growth : case of KwaDukuza Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal Province South Africa.
(2013) Badienzele, Mutombo Isaiah.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
Land use changes affect the environment, economy, and society at various spatial and temporal levels. KwaDukuza is currently experiencing rapid changes mostly noticeable within it in terms of economic growth with effects from land uses changes. This study examines the impact of land use change on economic growth in KwaDukuza Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal province, with a focus on the conversion of agricultural land to urban land. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to investigate the impact of various changes in land use. The result reveals that more investments attributed to economic growth in KwaDukuza. These investments spread across three different sectors impacting on the economic growth of KwaDukuza Municipality. The tertiary sector (finance, wholesale, retail, catering and accommodation) contributes more towards economic growth in KwaDukuza than any other sector. The secondary sector (manufacturing, building and construction) is likely to become a key area of growth in KwaDukuza. Finally, the primary sector, particularly agriculture remains the dominant contributor to the local economy, even though its contribution is declining under the increasing pressure from urban development. The study recommends the need for holistic approach towards integrating the new development initiatives, while reconciling the importance of agricultural land resources potentials in KwaDukuza Municipality.
Planning for recreational facilities and open spaces : a case study of Esikhawini Township at Umhlathuze Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal.
(2009) Ngubane, Mthokozisi Sabelwesihle.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
This research examines planning for recreational facilities and open spaces in townships. In this regard, various planning methods and approaches to planning for recreational facilities open spaces have been reviewed. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used in the study. Secondary sources were used in defining the nature of recreational facilities and spaces whereas the primary sources provided experiential knowledge. The study assessed the adequacy and appropriateness of recreational facilities and open spaces for the youth in the township. Different methods were employed in data collection and analysis. This includes the use of a questionnaire, check lists and documents. Questionnaires presented responses from the youth on the topic whereas check list represents the researchers' observations gathered through field survey. The research focus examined suitability, quality and quantity of recreational facilities and open spaces for the youth in ESikhawini. The results reveal that recreational open spaces show varying degrees of suitability and quality. Poor quality of spaces was characterized with lack of visual appropriateness as a result of littering, maintenance and lack of open space furniture. As such conclusion and recommendations to improve the situation are made. These findings are useful to planners, urban designers, architects and developers in making decisions in the planning for recreational facilities and spaces in township environment.
Planning, power dynamics and conflict : the case study of various municipalities in the province of KwaZulu-Natal.
(2015) Khuluse, Zethembe.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
The legitimation of planning as a mechanism providing rational societal guidance and coordination between the economic and social spheres, particularly for human settlements, became increasingly under challenge with the decline of the welfare state, a loss of faith in instrumental rationality and the rise of neo-liberal market (Gunder, 2010). Subsequently; the ideals of egalitarian society, as a vehicle of achieving political, social, and economic equality has arisen, and has found a niche within modern planning theory and practice. Contemporary planners have adopted a ‘collaborated planning’ approach; as the universal means of mediating all forms of conflict. This process can become complex as the generic texture of conflict is inconsistent, incoherent and often very difficult to define. This statement finds its credence within the South-African narrative, as the country has had a rich history of apartheid conflict. This conflict has fostered spatial, social and economic divides, which still remain to this day. ‘Conflict’ in South Africa is not only the focal point of Power struggles between different stakeholders of varying interests, but may be the manifestations of a historical more culturally engineered conflict. This study set out to examine the genetic make-up (composition) of conflict within various Municipal regions in post-apartheid KwaZulu-Natal. The main objective of the study was to determine which planning paradigm planners should utilize when considering the composition of conflict within developed and developing constituencies. To do this, the researcher conducted Focus groups and open ended interviews from 12 planners from various municipalities within the province of KwaZulu-Natal. From this, Case studies of both EThekwini Municipality, and Nongoma municipality were drawn up. What was concluded by the researcher was that conflict arises as a result of vastly different reasons within the municipal spatial configuration of South Africa, and that planners must recognise the composition or genetic make-up of conflict in order to attain the spatial agenda within the current post-apartheid dispensation.
Post democratic urban regeneration in South Africa.The case of eThekwini Municipality inner city.
(2013) Stephanus, Maresce.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
This dissertation aimed at establishing the extent to which eThekwini Municipality aligned its Inner City projects to principles for urban regeneration and spatial planning objectives as outlined in the City’s Integrated Development Plan. The study makes reference to two distinctive inner city precincts; examining what led to current state of each precinct, through political, economic, environmental and social transformation. The Central Business District is looked at as a prime example of a degenerated space within the city and the Kings Park Sporting Precinct is looked at as an example of a successful regeneration endeavour within Durban. Information was obtained through primary and secondary sources. The bulk of the information gathered was through key informant interviews, shop keeper interviews, site visits, official reports and from eThekwini Municipality Shape File Data on the Geographical Information System. Through the analysis of data collected, the study found that eThekwini Municipality’s efforts to regenerate the Durban CBD have not been successful to date. The CBD is still in a severe state of urban decay with sustainable development only occurring in areas that are controlled by the elite. The study also found that the Kings Park Sporting Precinct has undergone extensive regeneration and proves to be a great asset to Durban for present and future generations. Its success however, also carries social challenges with the common perception that the precinct is an exclusive space. Almost 20 years post democracy, the eThekwini Municipality, is still struggling to maintain the integrity of its Inner City. Parts of the Inner City have improved but there and other parts that are still subject to extreme urban decay. The study makes recommendations for the economic, environmental and social improvement of the Durban CBD and for the social enhancement of the Kings Park Sporting Precinct.
Public participation in the preparation of Port of Durban expansion development plan : back of port project, Ethekweni municipality.
(2015) Khawula, Sanele Howard.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
This study examines public participation and the ensuing conflict in the preparation of Port of Durban plan. The Back of Port project is used as a case study. This included the factors that influenced the expansion of Port of Durban and its impact. This study adopted a qualitative research approach. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Interviews were conducted with key informants and the Community of Clairwood. The study revealed that public participation particularly in the post-apartheid era enjoys a high level of support across various sectors. However its practice is fraught with conceptual and practical difficulties. It was found that the extent of public participation that was undertaken in the Back of Port project plan was unsatisfactory and ineffective. The flawed public participation is the results of conflict of interest between the developers that support infrastructural economic imperatives to maximise economic development and local residents that advocate for effective public participation and bottom up development that would create local jobs, manufacture locally instead of exporting goods from other countries. The study recommends the need for collaborative network paradigm for citizen participation; where public participation works as part of a network ; where government, development, professional actors are many and varied individual public entities; and where interest based entities rather than only interacting with the public entities but encouraged to interact with all citizen and also assist them to further interact with one another in the Back of Port project.
Rapid urban development and fragmentation in a post-apartheid era : the case of Ballito, South Africa, 1994 to 2007.
(2007) Duminy, James William Andrew.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
Since 1994 a rapid rate of large-scale development in the region of Ballito, KwaZulu Natal, has generated significant urban spatial changes. This dissertation aimed to identify and examine the factors that have generated and sustained these changes. Qualitative information, sourced from interviews conducted with various professionals and actors involved in Ballito's recent development procedures, was utilized to this extent. The study focused on localised institutional, socio-economic, historical, physical/environmental, policy- and agency-based explanations of Ballito's spatial metamorphosis. It was found that the town's resulting pattern of spatial growth reflects tendencies towards urban fragmentation that have been observed in many South African and international urban contexts. Whilst forces of globalisation have played a role in driving the urban changes of Ballito, many localised and region-specific trends have influenced the development process in unobvious manners. In particular, issues relating to local government incapacity have served to undermine state planning initiatives, which take as their focus the reversal of apartheid's socio-developmental discrepancies. Likewise, incongruencies within the South African developmental policy position have served to create uncertainty in the local urban management arena. As a corollary of these trends, the interests of private-sector and central government institutions have assumed the position of greatest power within Ballito's urban process, to the neglect of local governmental and communal concerns. It is concluded that the representative capacity of local government and disenfranchised communities must be improved as a means of promoting the delivery of complex political concerns such as 'integrated' and 'sustainable' development. It is also suggested that urban analytical models involving institutional explanations of urban change are more effective in providing recommendations for the reversal of socio-spatial inequalities than traditional, economic-based analytical models.
The responsiveness of town planning to urban agriculture in low-income neighbourhoods : a case study of Kwa-Mashu in Durban, South Africa.
(2009) Magidimisha, Hangwelani Hope.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
Urban agriculture in South Africa has been historically labelled as an illegal activity. This has been compounded by the traditional planning system in South Africa that did not recognise urban agriculture as part of the land use in the urban landscape. However despite its illegality, current evidence shows that it is commonly practised by many poor households in developing countries. There is growing evidence that most countries are gradually seeing the value of urban agriculture among poor households and to this end, they are beginning to realise the importance of incorporating it in their urban policy packages. Despite this recognition and acceptance of urban agriculture as a livelihood and food security strategy among the urban poor, little attention is paid to it. This research examines urban agriculture from a purely spatial planning perspective by way of elaborating on the spatial allocation of land for urban agriculture. The focus of the research is on identifying the factors that explain the unresponsiveness of the town planning system and challenges that confront urban farmers with the intention to suggest alternatives. At the core of the town planning system, are legislations and policies. Despite these irresponsive legislations such as NEMA and Health Act which hinder the practice of urban agriculture along sensitive areas such as river banks and road reserves urban agriculture continues to flourish. Regardless of minimal support from local authority the research findings show that the practise of agriculture is a common phenomenon among urban poor. The onus is therefore on the local authorities to promote it by putting in place mechanisms that should promote its growth and integrate it into mainstream development plans.
Towards a sustainable urban form, the influences of social and physical environment: a case study of Albert Park, eThekwini Municipality.
(2017) Naidoo, Chanden.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.
This study examined the interactions between the social and physical environment as manifested in urban areas. The study examined the extent, ways in which urban decay has affected Albert Park. In addition, it examined the design of the area, and took into consideration whether proper facilities, security, exist to create a link between the social and physical environment, which ultimately can encourage sustainability. The objective of this study was to examine the conditions in the Park by focusing on the degree to which both the social and physical environment have affected the area, the causes and effects of the decay, and solutions to the problem. The study focused on the interactions between the social and physical environment. This was a qualitative study in which both secondary and primary data was used. Interviews were held with relevant stakeholders as residents of Albert Park. The research findings revealed that Albert Park is experiencing major issues, including crime, drug abuse, and vagrancy, and there are no proper measures in place at present to prevent these problems. Consequently, the area has decayed from lack of proper maintenance and control measures. It is clear that this will continue unless appropriate corrective measures are implemented. It was evident from observation and the interviews conducted that the conditions in Albert Park are due to the low income of its residents, as well as vagrants. Other contributing factors include lack of management and security. Due to low job opportunities available within the area, individuals are exploited by unscrupulous landlords. Thus, Albert Park requires further research on proper planning and control measures in order to prevent these poor conditions from escalating and to achieve a sustainable urban area.
Understanding the role of collaborative planning in resolving the conflict between the three fundamental goals of planning for the purpose of contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in contested areas : the South Durban Basin (SDB)
(2010) Jukuda, Nenekazi.; Awuor-Hayangah, Rosemary.; Odendaal, Nancy.
The field of planning has been defined by conflicts between the three fundamental goals of planning: economic development; social equity; and environmental development. These conflicts have been caused by competition between two worldviews, namely the expansionist and ecological perspectives. The expansionist perspective favours the conventional economic imperative to maximize production. The ecological perspective favours the ecological imperative to protect the ecosphere and the social equity imperative to minimize human suffering. Though these perspectives are in competition, the expansionist perspective is dominant in the planning profession. Despite the perpetuation of the conflicts by the dominance of the expansionist perspective in the planning profession, practitioners continue to use conventional planning to advance economic development over social equity and environmental protection. These conflicts have implications for the sustainability of development. In the South Durban Basin, the competition between the expansionist and the ecological perspectives and the dominance of the former is manifested in the conflict between the scales of need; at the national and local scales. The research discovered that the conflict between the scales of need presented a dilemma for planners because they are obligated to plan for the conservation of the environment, and at the same time plan for the growth of the economy for the benefit of all people in society. Invariably, planners find themselves responding more to needs of those with power; at the national scale, whose interest is economic growth. In order for the planners to respond equally to their multiple obligations, they need to integrate the expansionist and ecological perspectives. The study sought to prove that the integration can only be achieved through collaborative planning, so that sustainable development emerges as the framework policy. Ultimately, as this study actually proved, the South Durban Basin is such a contested landscape to the extent that collaborative planning was found not to be possible. The lack of collaborative planning therefore means that sustainable development cannot be achieved, as the study of South Durban Basin conclusively proved.

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