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Radiology

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Browsing Radiology by Author "Maharajh, Jainendra."

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    The impact of HIV infection when superimposed on pulmonary tuberculosis (either active or sequelae tuberculosis) on the success of bronchial artery embolisation.
    (2011) Govind, Mayuri.; Maharajh, Jainendra.
    ABSTRACT Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) rates in Kwa Zulu Natal (KZN) is amongst the highest in the South Africa and is often associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection. Bronchial Artery Embolisation (BAE) is an expensive, time consuming procedure requiring operator skill and is accompanied by risk to both patient and operator. Aim: To investigate the impact of HIV infection when superimposed on PTB (active or sequelae) on the success of BAE. Method: A retrospective cross sectional study with descriptive and analytical components of the BAE procedure between January 2006 and December 2007 was performed on sequential BAE studies. These were analyzed for procedural and clinical outcome and reasons for procedural failure were investigated. The impact of CD4 level on procedural and clinical failure was investigated for a subset of cases. Cases were included if they presented with massive or life threatening haemoptysis with a diagnosis of previous or active PTB (made clinically, radiologically or microbiologically) in whom HIV status is known and where the clinician assessed a need for BAE, but excluded any third or more attempt at the procedure for that patient. Results: The final sample size after exclusion of 91 cases is 107. Each attempt at BAE was viewed as an individual case. The study population is made up of 74 HIV positive and 33 HIV negative cases. The median CD4 level is 176 cells / microlitre. Statistically, procedural success does not imply clinically successful outcome.HIV status does not correlate significantly with clinical or procedural results of BAE.CD4 level does not correlate significantly with clinical or procedural results of BAE. There is no technical reason of statistical significance that impacts on the success of the procedure when correlated with HIV status. These include being unable to select, unable to subselect, unable to engage securely, reflux, presence of fistulae and the presence of spinal feeder arteries. The complication rate is not statistically significant when correlated with HIV status. The differences in follow up of clinically unsuccessful cases were not significant when correlated with HIV status. On imaging, all cases demonstrated pathology. No particular zone is significant when correlated with HIV status. The most common finding is parenchymal architectural distortion followed closely by features of active tuberculous infection and no statistical significance is attributed to either when correlated with HIV status. The detection of lymphadenopathy is noted in 19.1% of HIV positive cases and 42.4% of HIV negative cases, and is the only feature of significance when correlated with HIV status. Interpretation: Coinfection with HIV does not have an impact on the success of BAE in patients with active or sequelae PTB who present with massive or life threatening haemoptysis. The rate of technical failure of the procedure suggests that this needs to be performed by persons that are adequately trained. Technical success does not imply clinical success but this finding was not statistically significant when correlated with HIV status. Re-evaluation of the procedure technique and improvements in local practice may produce results that correlate better with international standards.
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    Utilization of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography in clinically suspected acute pulmonary thrombo-embolism at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital.
    (2014) Mbatha, Wonder-boy Eumane.; Maharajh, Jainendra.
    Abstract available in PDF file.
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    What is the association between the Glasgow Coma Scale score, mechanism of injury and computed tomography findings in neurosurgically relevant head injury patients.
    (2017) Sewnarain, Kavishka.; Maharajh, Jainendra.
    Background: There is extremely limited literature that provides patterns of CT findings at the various GCS levels, and finding the association between mechanism of trauma and CT findings. Most studies done are on patients with GCS of 13, 14, and 15. In addition there are no South African studies on GCS and mechanism of injury as a predictor of CT findings in head injury patients. This study aims to correlate the GCS presentation and mechanism of injury in neurosurgically relevant patients with CT findings and therefore assist to determine the severity and urgency for which patients should be transferred to regional and tertiary hospitals with imaging and neurosurgical facilities. The hypothesis is that GCS and mechanism of injury can be used to predict CT findings to triage patients into risk categories. Objectives: The objective of this study is to compare patients GCS at presentation, mechanism of injury and CT findings in neurosurgically relevant head injury patients and thus assist clinicians on initial contact to determine the severity of head injury. This is especially relevant in rural areas to determine the severity and urgency for which patients should be transferred to regional and tertiary hospitals. Further objectives include to determine the patterns of CT findings at various GCS ranges, i.e.: GCS 3-6; 6-9; 9-12; 12-15 and to determine the patterns of CT findings in patients with various mechanisms of injuries and compare this to relevant literature. The study should determine the likelihood of various types of CT findings in relation to the GCS and mechanism of injury. Method: A retrospective chart review was done of 100 randomized patients, between the ages of 18 and 65 years, with blunt head trauma seen at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital (IALCH) over a one year period. Medical records were analyzed to determine the patients who met the inclusion criteria. In patients with blunt head trauma, the initial GCS, mechanism of injury, CT imaging findings and if neurosurgical intervention was required, were recorded. Results: A total of 100 randomly selected patients were included in this study. From this study, 48% of patients presented to hospital due to assault, 21% from MVA, 12% due to a fall, 17% from PVA and 2% from other uncategorised injuries. From the 100 patients in this study, 15% of patients presented with a GCS between 3-6, 23% between 7-9, 22% between 10-12 and 40% presented with GCS between 13-15. Further assessment showed no significant correlation between GCS at presentation and CT findings in neurosurgically relevant head injury patients (P>0,05). There is furthermore no significant correlation of mechanism of injury and CT findings with the exception of subarachnoid haemorrhage. There is a significant correlation with the presence of subarachnoid haemorrhage on CT and history of assault or pedestrian vehicle accident (P=0,015). Conclusion: There should be a high index of suspicion of intracranial injury in patients with a history of assault or pedestrian vehicle accident. It is advised that patients with history of assault or pedestrian vehicle accident, as a mechanism of injury, receive CT imaging. Due to there being no significant correlation between GCS at presentation and CT findings, a GCS between 13-15 in a patient should not be seen as an exclusion criteria for imaging.