Naidoo, Kogieleum.Yende Zuma, Nonhlanhla.Padayatchi, Nesri.Naidoo, Kasavan.Jithoo, Niraksha.Nair, Gonasagrie.Bamber, Sheila.Gengiah, Santhanalakshmi.El-Sadr, Wafaa M.Friedland, Gerald H.Abdool Karim, Salim Safurdeen.2013-07-022013-07-0220122012Naidoo, K. et al. 2012. The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after antiretroviral therapy initiation in patients with tuberculosis: findings from the SAPiT trial. Ann Intern Med. 157 (5) pp.313-324.0003-4819http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00004http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9242Background: Concerns about the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) remain a barrier to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation during antituberculosis treatment in co-infected patients. Objective: To assess IRIS incidence, severity, and outcomes relative to the timing of ART initiation in patients with HIV-related tuberculosis. Design: Randomized, open-label clinical trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00398996) Setting: An outpatient clinic in Durban, South Africa. Patients: 642 patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis. Measurements: In a secondary analysis of the SAPiT (Starting Antiretroviral Therapy at Three Points in Tuberculosis) trial, IRIS was assessed in patients randomly assigned to initiate ART within 4 weeks of tuberculosis treatment initiation (early integrated treatment group), within 4 weeks of completion of the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment (late integrated treatment group), or within 4 weeks after tuberculosis therapy completion (sequential treatment group). The syndrome was defined as new-onset or worsening symptoms, signs, or radiographic manifestations temporally related to treatment initiation, accompanied by a treatment response. Severity of IRIS, hospitalization, and time to resolution were monitored. Results: Incidence of IRIS was 19.5 (n = 43), 7.5 (n = 18), and 8.1 (n = 19) per 100 person-years in the early integrated, late integrated, and sequential treatment groups, respectively. Among patients with a baseline CD4+ count less than 0.050 × 10.9 cells/L, IRIS incidence was 45.5, 9.7, and 19.7 per 100 person-years in the early integrated, late integrated, and sequential treatment groups, respectively. Incidence of IRIS was higher in the early integrated treatment group than in the late integrated (incidence rate ratio, 2.6 [95% CI, 1.5 to 4.8]; P < 0.001) or sequential (incidence rate ratio, 2.4 [CI, 1.4 to 4.4]; P < 0.001) treatment groups. More severe IRIS cases occurred in the early integrated treatment group than in the other 2 groups (35% vs. 19%; P = 0.179), and patients in the early integrated treatment group had significantly higher hospitalization rates (42% vs. 14%; P = 0.007) and longer time to resolution (70.5 vs. 29.0 days; P = 0.001) than patients in the other 2 groups. Limitations: It was not possible to assess IRIS in more patients in the sequential treatment group (n = 74) than in the late integrated (n = 50) and early integrated (n = 32) treatment groups because of loss to follow-up, withdrawal, or death within 6 months of scheduled ART initiation. This study did not assess IRIS risk in nonambulatory patients or in those with extrapulmonary and smear-negative tuberculosis. Conclusion: Initiation of ART in early stages of tuberculosis treatment resulted in significantly higher IRIS rates, longer time to resolution, and more severe cases of IRIS requiring hospitalization. These findings are particularly relevant to patients initiating ART with a CD4+ count less than 0.050 × 10.9 cells/L, given the increased survival benefit of early ART initiation in this group.enHIV infections--Complications--KwaZulu-Natal.Tuberculosis--Treatment--KwaZulu-Natal.HIV infections--Treatment--KwaZulu-Natal.Highly active antiretroviral therapy.Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)Antiretroviral therapy (ART)Coinfection.SAPiT trial.HIV-related tuberculosis.Peer reviewed journal article