Van der Westhuizen, Thea.Awotunde, Matthew Olusegun.2022-01-132022-01-1320212021https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/20104Doctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.This study was conducted to determine how entrepreneurship self-efficacy (ESE) can be developed to activate individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) in the South African students who participated in a systemic action learning action research programme. It has been widely acknowledged that the Department of Higher Education and Training has come a long way in incorporating various learning pedagogies to overcome entrepreneurship education and training challenges, yet the issue of youth unemployment remains a significant problem. Although studies have been conducted by scholars to proffer lasting solutions to the limited entrepreneurial activities and individual entrepreneurial orientation, the development of youth entrepreneurship action remains a challenge both in theory and practice. The challenges are associated with the systemic disconnect in the entrepreneurship ecosystem that affects the entrepreneurial development of the youth. The study adopted a quantitative design within the concept of nondualism philosophy in developing entrepreneurial self-efficacy to activate the individual entrepreneurial orientation of South African university students. The study was integrated into the longitudinal systemic action learning action research (SALAR) project SHAPE (Shifting Hope Activating Potential Entrepreneurship). where 230 registered students volunteered and recruited for participation in the training in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. Findings that emerged from the longitudinal study revealed that entrepreneurial self-efficacy development predicts individual entrepreneurial orientation behaviour, change and action, therefore, n=73 from the overall registered participants signified their intention to act immediately after the training as a result of the combined application of SALAR, SHAPE action-training model and Theory UThe study contributed to existing knowledge and practice through the developed SHAPE action-training model which can be applied for entrepreneurship development, and the refined instrument also, can be applied for entrepreneurship development in higher institutions of learning in South Africa and other developing nations who want to develop youth entrepreneurship. Based on the findings, the study recommends further research be conducted into ESE and IEO’s relationship with Entrepreneurial Intent (EI) and Entrepreneurial Action (EA). Expanding this research testing to other provinces in South Africa as well as other African countries will provide insight into the proposed models and instruments’ potential to boost youth entrepreneurship. This study also recommends that Higher Education Institutions that wish to enrich their youth entrepreneurship teaching and learning offerings should develop an institution-tailored model such as the SHAPE social technology and apply SALAR to monitor the process. Lastly, this study recommends fostering the youth entrepreneurship ecosystem and the continuous involvement of eco-systemic stakeholders in entrepreneurship teaching and learning offerings to ensure the sustainable long-term development of youth’s ESE and IEO – hopefully resulting in increased EI and possible.enEntrepreneurship action.Shifting Hope, Activating Potential Entrepreneurship (SHAPE) training programme.Entrepreneurship intention.Entrepreneurship--Action research.Entrepreneurship--Nondualism.Thesis