Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences

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Acute stress and strain due to backpack loading among primary school pupils.
(2011) Abrahams, Sumaya.; Ellapen, Terry Jeremy.; Van Heerden, H. J.
Schoolbag carriage represents a considerable daily occupational load for children (Negrini et al., 1999). Whittfield et al., (2001) and Puckree et al., (2004) have reported that the carriage of heavy schoolbags is a suspected aetiological factor of the daily physical stress of school pupils. Methods: One hundred and eighty-seven pupils voluntarily participated in a controlled, descriptive, epidemiological retrospective study. Subjects’ biographical, epidemiological, exercise history and lifestyle information was gathered by a self-report questionnaire (adapted from Puckree et al., 2004). Subjects’ body mass, stature and mass of their schoolbags were measured using a Detecto stadiometer scale. Digital images, electromyographical muscular activity and a posture profile assessments were captured in the frontal and sagittal planes whilst the pupils were in the loaded (carrying a schoolbag) and the unloaded phases (not carrying schoolbags). These images were analyzed using biomechanical software, Dartfish. The study being retrospective in nature recorded the prevalence of schoolbag carriage musculoskeletal pain over the last 12 months. Descriptive statistical tests such as mean, mode, frequency, percentages and inferential chi-square statistical test (set at a probability of 0.05) were employed to analyze the data. Results: The result indicated that 78.99% of the cohort experience musculoskeletal pain due to schoolbag carriage (p<0.0001). The most prevalent anatomical sites of pain were the shoulders (37.04%), neck (20.37%), lumbar (11.73%) and thorax (10.49%) (p<0.0001). The mean mass of the schoolbag carried by the cohort was 5.45kg which was approximately 11.5% of their body mass. The predisposing factors of the musculoskeletal pain were the methods employed to carry the schoolbag (single strap (20.21%) versus double straps (76.6%), altered posture due to excessive schoolbag mass together with a reduced craniovertebral angle (p<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: The excessive schoolbag mass carried by the pupils placed strain on the immature vertebral column of these pupils thus causing postural deviations which induced musculoskeletal pain and discomfort.
An analysis of perceived leadership styles and levels of job satisfaction of sport administrators employed at tertiary institutions in South Africa.
(2007) Naidoo, Padmini.; Coopoo, Yoganathan.
The leadership role of sport administrators in South Africa is of prime importance as the local sports industry in South Africa is worth in excess of R2 billion annually. The most important variable in explaining sport administrators' success becomes leadership style. Sport administrators' roles are vital to the sporting industry and therefore the degree of job satisfaction they experience is of prime importance. The key objectives of the study were to determine the different styles of leadership available in sport administration departments, to identify factors affecting the progress and status of transformation in sport administration departments, to examine the factors affecting the progress of gender equity at tertiary institutions, to identify factors which influence job satisfaction or lack of it among sport administrators and coaches employed at tertiary institutions and to determine the organizational effectiveness of tertiary institution sport departments. The questionnaire was administered to 300 coaches who had to rate their sport administrators' leadership style and 140 sport administrators. A response rate of 78% (n=109) was obtained from sport administrators and 76% (n=227) were received from coaches. The data were analysed using the computer package SPSS. From the research the following conclusions can be drawn with respect to job satisfaction and leadership among sport administrators and coaches. The overall majority of the tertiary institution sport administrators adopted a transformational style of leadership. There was a lack of transformation in the industry and gender equity in the industry. There were reasonable de grees of satisfaction in the profession, however certain variables were more pronounced than others. The study proposed the following recommendations: Those sport administrators that are still practising a more transactional and laissez-faire approach to leadership should start adopting a more transformational approach to leadership. More females need to be placed in leadership positions at tertiary institution sport departments. With regard to transformation higher management at tertiary institutions should strive to create diversity by employing individuals from other race groups to ensure transformation at institutions of higher learning. This will also serve to rectify the imbalances of our past. Management at tertiary institutions should also strike a balance with regard to gender equity. With regard to improving coaches and sport administrators' job satisfaction higher management needs to adopt a policy of open communication between staff employed at the tertiary institution sport departments and themselves.
Anthropometric characteristics and physiological performance variables of male and female junior hockey players in KwaZulu Natal.
(1997) Amra, Mohamed.
Anthropometric measures, physiological variables and skills tests were performed on subjects selected from the provincial KwaZulu Natai Junior Hockey teams in South Africa. The main purpose of this study was to establish a data base of norms for boy and girls in the UB, U14, U16, UI8 and the U2I age groups. The tests were done at the beginning and at the end of season. The anthropometric measures included height, weight, percentage body fat and lean body mass; physiological variables included sit-ups, push-ups, sit-and-reach (flexibility), broad jump, winder and bleep tests , and the skills tests comprised a wide range of ball skill tests. As expected, anthropometric changes were observed across the age groups, due to growth. Amongst the older age groups the girls had reached height and weight values comparable to elite female players , but only the boys in the U2I had reached their adult height and were slightly taller than the elite male players. There was no significant difference in the profile between the attack and defence players in the boys, but amongst the girls the defence players tended to be heavier and taller than the attack players. In the physiological and skills tests there was no difference between positional players. In the comparison between pre and end season to determine the effectiveness of the training programmes, there was a change in the anthropometric characteristics because of growth. However, the physiological and skill tests revealed no consistent pattern of improvement in the test results from pre season to end season. This study provides the first set of norms for male and female junior hockey players in South Africa. Further studies are required to expand upon and update the data in the current study.
Anthropometric characteristics, grip strength and physical activity levels of children with physical disabilities: a case study.
(2020) Dorfling, Micaela Ashley.; Naidoo, Rowena.; Chetty, Verusia.
Physical disability impedes the completion of daily functioning and tasks in children with disability often resulting in exclusion from participating in physical activity. The problem is that a lack of physical activity results in a higher risk of non-communicable lifestyle diseases, to which an individual with physical disability is already predisposed. The participation of children with disability in sports and recreational activities promotes inclusion, minimises deconditioning, optimises physical functioning, and enhances overall well-being. Despite these benefits, children with disability are more restricted in their participation, have lower levels of fitness, and have higher levels of obesity than their peers without disabilities. Therefore, the screening and monitoring of children using simple health indicators such as anthropometry, physical activity levels and grip strength is essential to identify children who may be at risk for chronic diseases, for those who can improve their quality of life through changes in their lifestyle; and it can help raise awareness of the need to increase their participation in physical activity. Often physical activity is underestimated for children with disability, well-informed decisions with regards to types and best suited physical activity programmes are more easily formulated following identification of overall health status and individual activity preferences, such as through measurement of physical activity levels, anthropometric characteristics and hand grip strength.
Anthropometric profile and physical performance of youth players and challenges in the Ethiopian football talent identification program.
(2018) Gebreegziabher, Eyasu Merhatsidk.; Van Heerden, Jaques Johan.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the existing challenges that hinder the implementation of the talent identification program. Understand and develop basic standards to recruit talented young players based on their anthropometric and physical quality also the purpose of this study. Other purpose of the study was formulated and implement effective strategies for the coaching program. The study employed a cross-sectional study design. A homogenous group of 240 male Ethiopian football players (Age 15.6 ± 1.8 years) from 12 teams participated in this study. Sixty-one football coaches and 61 sport administrators also participated. Anthropometric assessment, speed, power, agility, endurance and flexibility tests were conducted. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential analysis techniques. The mean and the standard deviation of results across an anthropometric profile for all players are as follows: body mass weight was 55.47kg (6.14), standing height was 1.7m (0.06), body mass index was 19.12kg/m2 (1.99), sub-scapular skinfold was 6.88mm (1.37), triceps skinfold was 5.95mm (1.51), BF(Body Fat) % was 15.53% (2.91) and LBM(Lean Body Mass) was 46.82kg (5.11). Significant weight and height differences (p≤0.05) were found between club and academy players, but not in BMI, % BF and Lean Body Mass (LBM). club players had significantly greater body mass than EFF and academy players (p≤0.05). For standing height, club and EFF players were significantly taller than players in the academy teams (p≤0.05). The mean and the standard deviation of overall fitness values for all players were as follows: 10m speed was 2.15sec (0.19), 20m speed was 3.51sec (0.29), 40m speed was 5.16sec (0.31), sit and reach flexibility was 12.94cm (7.86), vertical jump power test was 42.93cm (6.58), Illinois agility test was 17.45cm (0.83) and V̇O2 max 49.74ml/kg/min (5.42). Mean values per setting from club, academy and EFF, respectively were: 10m speed 2.08sec, 2.26s and 2.14sec (p≤0.0001); 20m speed 3.4sec, 3.7sec and 3.49sec (p≤0.0001); 40m speed 5.87sec, 5.9sec, 6.07sec (p≤0.0001). Flexibility was 11.96cm, 11.31cm and 14.96cm (p≤0.05). Club’s youth players were taller, heavier, faster and more flexible than academy and Ethiopian football federation players. Significant differences were found in age groups: 10m speed between U-14 and U-15 (p≤0.01) and U-14 and U-17 (p≤0.05), In 20m speed between U-14 group and U-16 (p≤0.01) and U-14 and U-17 (p≤0.01). Significant iv differences were also found in 40m speed between U-14 and U-15 (p≤0.05). Older age players were faster than younger ones. Anthropometrical profiles and physical performance tests may assist to identify the talented players in the country. Significant differences found per climatic altitudes and geographical locations were as follows: high altitude players’ significantly greater body mass than low altitude players (p≤0.05). Low altitude players significantly better BMI than high altitude players (p≤0.0001). For LBM, high altitude players significantly greater results than low and moderate altitude players (p≤0.005). The moderate altitude group of players performed better results than the low and high-altitudes group of players. Eastern and northern players were significantly heavier than southern and western players. Compared to southern players, Eastern and northern players were significantly taller than southern and western players. Although players from eastern, performed better in the 10m speed test than western players. Regarding the 20m speed test, eastern players performed better results than the rest three altitudes groups. A correlation matrix comparing anthropometry and physical performance indicated that: BMI was negatively related with 10m sprint (r = 0.134), 40m sprint (r = 0.232), vertical jump (r = 0.108) and agility (r = 0.123). Height was negatively related to performance in the 20m sprint (r = 0.141), 40m sprint (r = 0.201) and agility (r = 0.255). Quantitative questionnaire data related to the practice of talent identification programs in Ethiopia showed that: Most of the players (62%) have information and knowledge about a talent identification program. Most players (74%) have also experienced or passed through a talent identification program. The same was true of most players (74%) being of the opinion that they were exposed to a proper training program. Player’s knowledge and experiences; with respect to rest, water, materials and playing fields; family and coach support and test batteries found statistically significant differences (p≤0.0001) between club, academy and Ethiopian football federation settings. For the questionnaires about knowledge and experiences of coaches in the talent identification program, no statistically significant differences were found among club, academy or Ethiopian football federation settings, whereas significant differences were found with respect to experiences on upgrading of coaching knowledge related to talent v identification, in academy and Ethiopian football federation (p≤0.05) TIP (Talent Identification Program) settings. For the questionnaires related to problems and solutions of talent identification program, statistically significant differences in opinion were found among club, academy and Ethiopian football federation settings, but opinions about incorporation of talent identification programs in training courses were not significantly different. In terms of setting up programs to evaluate the level of performances of the players, not all settings were in the affirmative. For the implementation or application of talent identification programs, statistically significant differences in opinion were found across club, academy and Ethiopian football federation (p≤0.0001) settings. However, no differences were found fin terms of using a manual to identify player’s talent. For the questions about availability of materials and equipment for the TIP (Talent Identification Program) statistically significant differences in opinion were found among coaches in clubs and the Ethiopian football federation, while only those in the Ethiopian football federation TIP felt that testing materials are appropriate. For all questionnaires about administrators’ knowledge and experiences of talent identification, statistically significant differences were found in all groups. Questions on knowledge about TIP and facilitating refreshment courses for the coaches on talent identification were not statistically difference. For the questions about problems and solutions for the talent identification program, opinions varied statistically whereas opinions regarding their team’s conducting talent identification program and motivation of the players were similar. For the questionnaires about implementation responsibility of talent identification programs, statistically significant differences were found among the club, academy and Ethiopian football federation settings. For the questionnaires about manpower and materials for the talent identification program, statistically significant opinions were found among all the club, academy and Ethiopian football federation TID settings. For open-ended questions, all responses were investigated by using the detective qualitative data computer software package (NVIVO). The themes identified focussed on problems, solutions and suggestions for the operation of the Ethiopian football talent identification program. Under the three themes, focus nodes were identified as being the vi system, knowledge and experience, hard-work, training, monitoring and support, manpower, while facilities and equipment were also mentioned. The football talent identification program in Ethiopia is not an optimally functioning system. The improvement of the system is the first essential element for the talent identification program. This research has shown the need for a new systematic structure to be established for the talent identification program. Scarcity of knowledge and experience, also affects the talent identification program. Education and training were offered as keys to a solution.
The association between physical activity and body mass index, quality of life, life-space mobility and successful aging in older adults.
(2018) Naiker, Jacqueline.; Grace, Jeanne Martin.
The biggest threat to healthy aging is sedentary living with the golden years of most individuals being affected by disorders that are exacerbated by unhealthy lifestyles. Helping people age better is important and it can be achieved through participation in regular physical activity. Monitoring population levels of physical activity using subjective and objective measures is an important part of a public health response. This study aimed to determine the physical activity and body composition levels of older adults and the association of physical activity on body composition with health-related quality of life, life-space mobility and successful aging of life of older adults in Chatsworth, KwaZulu-Natal Province. A total of 210 older adults were randomly selected, both male and females, participated in the study and completed the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, RAND Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Health Survey, Life-Space Mobility Questionnaire and the Successful Aging Scale. BMI (kg/m2) was determined and step count was tracked for 7 days with the Omoron Pedometer. There were positive correlations between the participants actual physical activity and self-reported physical activity levels (r=0.183, p=0.008). The majority of the participants were overweight (51%, n=107). There was no significant relationship between BMI (r=0.63, p=0.366) and actual steps taken as well as no significant correlation with SF-36 and the average number of steps in 7 days of the participants (r=-0.112, p=0.107). A significant correlation between total LSQ (r=0.224, p=0.001) and SAS (r=-0.152, p=0.027) with the average number of steps in 7 days of the participant was noted. It was concluded that there is a positive relationship between self-reported physical activity and actual activity and life-space mobility and successful aging of life in older adults, but such relationship is not meaningfully predictive in this population. Strategies to improve physical inactivity in the elderly need to be implemented to ensure successful aging and quality of life in the elderly.
Association between physical fitness and job performance in South African fire-fighters.
(2012) Schmidt, Carl.; McKune, Andrew James.
Aim. Accurate correlations between a wide range of physical fitness measures and occupational demands are needed in order to identify specific fitness tests and training needs for firefighters. Methods. Forty-eight experienced, professional firefighters (29 ± 7.24 yrs) participated in fitness and job performance testing sessions each spaced a week apart. Analysis was performed using Pearson moment correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression with alpha set at p≤.05. Results. Significant correlations (p≤.01) were found between a job performance task (Revised Grinder) and the following: lean muscle mass (r = -.69), overall fitness (r = -.62), height (r = -.62), strength endurance: deadlift (r = -.54), bent-over row (r = -.51), bench press (r = -.51), shoulder press (r = -.46); maximal strength: hand grip strength (r = -.57), bench press (r = -.51), anaerobic capacity: 400m (r = .50), and aerobic capacity: multistage shuttle run (r = -.46). Multiple linear regression determined that lean muscle mass and aerobic capacity account for 82% of the variation in the job performance task. Conclusion. It is apparent that firefighting taxes virtually all aspects of physical fitness. This data can help the exercise specialist choose appropriate tests and prescribe specific fitness programmes for firefighters. Traditional firefighter exercise programmes focusing mainly on cardiovascular fitness should be replaced with physical conditioning programmes that address all components of fitness. Cardiovascular fitness testing should include the performance of job-related tasks to improve test validity.
Attitudes towards physical education in KwaZulu-Natal.
(1996) Thomson, Janet Elizabeth.; Andrews, Barry Craig.
This study investigated the attitudes towards Physical Education in KwaZulu and the determinants of those attitudes. The focus was on the teaching of the subject in schools and colleges of education in the KwaZulu Department of Education and Culture. The purpose of the study was to establish whether Physical Education was being limited by a lack of resources and/or the perceived low status of Physical Education. Questionnaires were developed for four different groups, namely, teachers, principals, college lecturers and the pupils and students themselves. The analysis of the responses indicated that all four groups held strong beliefs about the benefits of the subject. The benefits which the pupils regarded as the most positive were in the areas of physical fitness and social development. In contrast to their western counterparts, pupils and students did not view Physical Education as a "light relief' subject nor did they regard enjoyment as a requisite. Negative determinants of attitude were found to be related primarily to the lack of facilities and the consequent lack of diversity in the Physical Education curriculum. Respondents from the teachers' and principals' groups revealed that the teaching of Physical Education in KwaZulu was important but severely inhibited by a combination of factors. Allocation of resources in the form of physical facilities and equipment was found to be deficient. There was an absence of qualified staff, which resulted in the subject either being omitted from the curriculum or being taught by teachers with no knowledge of its objectives nor of the correct teaching methods. In some cases the subject was confused with sport and coaching school teams and in most cases the subject played a subservient role to that of examination subjects. The promotion prospects of the Physical Education teachers were not perceived to be limited compared to their academic counterparts because all of them were teaching academic subjects. Those with specialised training in Physical Education were not in evidence because they were not teaching Physical Education. College lecturers were specialist trained and indicated a much greater degree of success in the implementation of Physical Education programmes. Colleges had superior facilities and equipment although insufficient use of funds was apparent. College lecturers did not feel that they successfully achieved the educational objectives of the subject. In agreement with their western counterparts, they perceived their promotion prospects to be limited. The failure to implement successful programmes of Physical Education in the schools led to the recommendation that preservice specialised training was vitally important but not sufficient and that in-service courses in the form of practical workshops for staff and principals were essential in order to support the preservice initiatives.
A comparison of the fitness levels of Indian high school boys in two cohorts : 1977 and 1997.
(2000) Naidoo, Krishnaveni.; Coopoo, Yoganathan.
The main aim of this study was to compare fitness levels of Indian high school boys in two cohorts: 1977 and 1997. A secondary aim was to identify if the same problem areas or strengths still exist in 1997 as in 1977 or if the levels of fitness have further deteriorated or improved, as well as the establishment of norms for boys 14 - 18 years. Ten different Secondary schools from the Durban Metropolitan area participated in this study. The test battery included eight tests measuring four components of motor fitness based on the Fleishman study. The tests that were used consisted of fifty metre shuttle run, fifty metre dash, sit-ups, pull-ups, medicine ball put, shot-put, 250m shuttle run and 12 minute run/walk test. Data from 500 hundred boys were included in the research analysis and these were categorized into 5 different age groups, 13,6 - 14,6 years; 14,7 - 15,6 years; 15,7 - 16,6 years; 16,7 - 17,6 years and 17,7 - 18,6 years. Basic statistical procedures were used to determine the normality of the samples for height and weight in each age group. Standard score tables were drawn for each age group. A paired t-test was used to determine if a significant difference between the means existed. The level of significance was set at 0,05. The means of both studies were compared to ascertain the difference in fitness levels in the two cohorts. The analysis of the data revealed that the fitness status of adolescent boys have deteriorated over two decades.
A Comparison of upper and lower limb exercise in canoeists using the heart rate and oxygen consumption relationship
(2003) Gomes, Adrian Neil.; Mars, Maurice.
The heart rate achieved with maximal upper limb exercise is quoted as being on average thirteen beats per minute lower than when performing maximal leg exercise. Many canoeists use heart rate monitors during training and seek advice on setting their heart rate training zones. Existing guidelines are based on lower limb-derived heart rates, which may not be appropriate. As canoeists use predominantly their upper limbs during canoeing, it was hypothesized that as their upper limbs are trained, they may achieve heart rates and oxygen consumption similar to those achieved with lower limb exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption when exercising on either a kayak ergometer or treadmill. Fifteen volunteer canoeists, who compete regularly, were recruited by convenience, purposive sampling and randomly allocated to a V02max test using open circuit spirometry, on either a kayak ergometer or treadmill. They returned within 5 to 7 days for a V02max test on the other apparatus. Their heart rates were also measured during these activities. The heart rate oxygen consumption relationship for upper and lower limb exercise was then analysed. Maximum heart rate was on average only 6 beats per minute lower with upper limb exercise, with some subjects achieving the same or very similar HRmax; the median difference in heart rate maximum was only 4 beats per minute. Although the response of heart rate and oxygen consumption to kayaking and running was similar at any given workload, the heart rate on the kayak was about 8 beats per minute higher at any submaximal workload. V02max. on the kayak was lower than on the treadmill. At any metabolic equivalent, the tidal volume was lower on the kayak and there was a lower respiratory rate on the treadmill. At any tidal volume, the metabolic equivalent was lower on the kayak ergometer. The minute volume on the kayak was higher than on the treadmill, for all but the highest intensities of exercise. Using the leg heart rate max to determine the training zones, a slightly higher (negligible) percentage of arm V0max is achieved at any given percentage heart rate. Kayakers who train regularly, appear to be able to attain similar maximum heart rates with upper and lower limb exercise, but a lower V02max when exercising with their arms. The heart rate oxygen consumption response is the same for upper and lower body exercise; and a reduced HRmax and increased heart rate at any sub maximal workload do not appear to apply to canoeists. It is therefore concluded that heart rate training zones based on leg HRmax are suitable for kayak training. This study has helped distinguish the difference between the heart rates of the upper and lower limbs at any given oxygen consumption in canoeists. The benefits of performing this study have also been to provide better advice to canoeists on how to train using heart rate monitors.
The development of a professional development programme for physical activity promotion in adolescents' physical education classes, Nigeria.
(2020) Osifeko, Olalekan Remigious.; Naidoo, Rowena.; Chetty, Verusia.
Introduction: Nigerian adolescents are physically inactive and unable to enjoy the health benefits of exercise, due to the lack of physical activity (PA) during physical education (PE) classes. Adolescents’ PA can be promoted in different environments, such as at school and in the wider community. Schools promote PA through school sports, at lunch break and in PE class. School-based interventions in PE classes have been effective in promoting PA in adolescents and encouraging healthy lifestyles. Purpose of the study: To develop a professional development programme for PE teachers in junior secondary schools and to evaluate its impact on students in order to improve PA in Nigerian schoolgoing adolescents. Methods: This study employed a mixed-methods approach, including intact group and action research designs. A purposive sample of 1200 students were recruited from twenty-four junior secondary schools, from the Epe local government area, in Lagos State East senatorial district, Nigeria. The schools were sampled and purposively assigned to an intervention group (n= 14) and a control group (n= 10). Teachers (n=14 intervention; n=10 control) and students (n=695 intervention; n=498 control) participated in the study. Students completed the Attitudes and Practices of PA for Adolescents (QAPPAA) questionnaire pre- and post-intervention. A PE teacher from each school participated in the teacher-training intervention (n=24) and in focus group discussions pre- and post-intervention. The professional development training (PDT) was designed, based on the focus group discussions (FGDs) and information from the related literature. The data collection tools for pre- and postintervention were teacher FGDs and validated student questionnaires. Quantitative data were analysed with the use of a statistical package (IBM SPSS Statistics version 25, US) which performed descriptive and inferential tests and analysed significant differences between pre- and post- intervention. The one-sample t-test was applied to test for significant agreement or disagreement to statements measuring attitude to PE, pre- and post-scores. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the post-intervention scores, to determine the interaction effects of categorical interval scale variables. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was applied to observed differences between the two dependent measurements, to discover whether there was a statistically significant difference in mean scores or not. Lastly, the analysis of the qualitative FGDs was carried out with the aid of computer-assisted data analysis software (Nvivo 12), to identify and interpret themes and sub-themes that emerged from the FGDs.
Diet and supplementation practice in professional Ethiopian football players : effects on performance and recovery.
(2018) Masho, Tesfaye Berhane.; McKune, Andrew James.; Van Heerden, Jaques Johan.
The game of football places high physiological demands on players, who are expected to react by carrying out a range of physical activities at different intensities. Such movement patterns contribute to a high energy turnover in both training and match-play, which in turn must be sustained by the intake of adequate fuel sources. In this thesis, three studies were undertaken with the intention of gaining greater insight into, and adding to the body of knowledge of, football nutrition in Ethiopia. The studies included an evaluation of the impact of a sports nutrition education programme on the dietary, sports nutrition and supplement practices of the Ethiopian national football squad during the period 2012 to 2014 (Study 1). The dietary intake, sports nutrition and supplementation practices of professional Ethiopian football players currently playing in Ethiopian Premier League clubs (Study 2) were then studied, as well as the relationships between training load, energy balance, performance and recovery (Study 3). Study – 1. Football players require adequate knowledge of nutrition to allow correct selection and consumption of food and fluids to meet their performance, body composition and overall health needs. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a sports nutrition intervention on the nutrition knowledge and dietary choices of the players who were members of the Ethiopian national football squad between 2012 and 2014. The following sports nutrition topics were discussed: timing of nutrition, recovery, hydration, post exercise physiological perceptions, macronutrients, sports drinks, fruit and vegetables, alcohol and its impact on performance. Participants attended nutrition education sessions for six months, each one 20 to 30 minutes in duration. Interview and focus group discussions were administered to 20 Ethiopian national squad players and the head and two assistant coaches working with them. The data were analysed using manual coding matrices. The analysis of the interview data revealed that all the national team players exhibited significant knowledge of football nutrition after the nutrition education intervention. The intervention helped them to adhere to proper dietary and recovery procedures, and also significantly helped the players understand dietary CHOs as a vital source of fuel for football which as a result benefited them to change their misconception they had about CHO before the intervention. Some players had believed, at the beginning of the intervention, that alcohol had an ergogenic effect. In conclusion, this study revealed that nutrition education for professional football players can have positive results. The education programme must be entertaining and should not be too long. Based on these findings, was concluded that football players in Ethiopia would benefit from nutrition education targeting an improvement in nutrition knowledge and dietary practices. Key words: Ethiopian national squad football players, dietary practices, Nutrition education, nutrition knowledge. Study – 2. Similarly, to other professional football players, Ethiopian players require appropriate nutritional intake because of the physiological demands of the game. To understand the dietary practices and nutrition plans of these players, a dietary assessment of current Ethiopian professional players was conducted. The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake of 126 players age M = 27.3, ±SD = 3.0 years), weight M = 72.4, ±SD = 7.0 kg, height M = 1.77, ±SD = .06 m, BMI M = 23.1, ±SD = 1.6 kg.m2 from seven Ethiopian premier league football clubs; during a competitive week, over a four-day period. Food was weighed and means (standard deviation) and 95% confidence limits were calculated and compared across clubs using one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post-hoc testing. There were significant differences in dietary macronutrient composition across the teams in the four study periods, the dietary intake in g/day and in g/kg of body weight for CHO on Thursday was significantly different M = 344.6, ± SD = 12.5, p = 0.030, g/day compared with Monday’s dietary CHO intake, in g/day and in g/kg of body weight, M = 308.3, ± SD = 96.4 g/day. The study revealed a dietary CHO intake was below the recommendation of 500-600 g/day. With great significant difference among clubs ranging from M = 459.9, ± SD = 104.1, p < 0.001. g/day to M = 256.0, ± SD = 58.5, p < 0.001 The mean dietary CHO, compositions in g/kg of body weight, across the teams were significantly different ranging from, 3.6 (.9) g/kg of body weight to 6.1 (1.3) g/kg of body weight.; In conclusion, the results show that the nutritional intake of the players was not optimal unlike protein and fat the mean daily CHO intake of Ethiopian professional football players was lower than recommended. These findings may have both short- and long-term negative consequences on the performance and recovery as well as health of the players. On the basis of our results, we recommended that nutritional education should be given to the players at an early age and should continue throughout adolescence. Key words: Ethiopian premier league, Dietary macronutrient intake, dietary assessment. Study – 3. It is important that football training load, which includes functional testing, is closely linked with optimal energy intake. This enhances performance and recovery process between training sessions. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between dietary practice and performance and recovery of twenty professional Ethiopian football players from the same team (M = 23.8, ± SD = 3.3 years). During an intense seven-day, (Monday to Sunday) pre-season training period, food was weighed and recorded, and total and macronutrient energy intake was determined, and energy expenditure calculated. Performance testing (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) was also performed pre- and post the seven-day period. Data were expressed as the mean (standard deviation). A one-way ANOVA, with Bonferroni posthock testing, paired t-tests, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression were used in the statistical analysis. The mean dietary intake for protein was significantly higher in terms of daily intake in grams and per kilogram of body weight across the seven days ranging from M = 257, ± SD = 44, p < 0.001 g/day, to M = 168, ± SD = 24, p < 0.001, g/day. And M = 3.6, ± SD = .7, p < 0.001 g/kg of body weight to M = 2.3, ± SD = .4, p < 0.001 g/kg of body weight. Overall, our results show that the nutritional intake of the players was not optimal and resulted in a high mean daily energy deficit of M = -144.8, ± SD = 1111.7 calories was observed between the energy intake of M = 3765.1, ± SD = 1104.7 calories and the energy expenditure of M = 3909.9, ± SD = 191.2 calories. The study revealed that dietary fat was the highest source of energy, which is not the preferred fuel for football players. The mean distance covered post the seven days of training for the YYIR1 significantly decreased by 25% (pre: M = 2266 ± SD = 526 m versus post: M = 1666 ± SD = 456 m). This result represented a 10% decrease in VO2max values among the study participants from session 1 pre: M = 55.4 ± SD = 4.4 ml/kg/min versus post: M = 50.4 ± SD = 3.8 ml/kg/min. In summary, the YYIRT1 result may have been related to the energy deficit of the players over the seven days of pre-season training. In addition, players consumed higher levels of dietary fat and low levels of CHO during intense training, which is not the recommended for optimal performance and recovery in professional football players Key words: Preseason training, YYIRT1, energy balance and training load. In conclusion, the studies included in this thesis found that 1) elite Ethiopian football players benefitted from a sports nutrition education intervention, 2) there is a disparity in macronutrient composition across football teams participating in the Ethiopian Premier League and 3) energy deficit during a week of intense preseason training is associated with reduced performance and recovery of players.
An economic impact analysis of the Comrades Marathon on the city of Durban.
(2009) Maharajh, Ashok.; Coopoo, Yoganathan.
Sport has become a major industry as well as a key cultural preoccupation in contemporary society. Cities are increasingly using major sporting events and activities to re-image themselves, promote urban development and fund economic growth and regeneration. Major sport events are often recognised for their ability to generate significant economic benefits for the host destination. The major difference between this study and other economic impact studies is that the event is tracked over a two-year period. This afforded the author the opportunity to compare and note the variations in the data over the two years. Initially, the study purports to analyse the economic impact of the Comrades Marathon on the City of Durban. A secondary objective is to demonstrate the value of such a major sporting event to the regional and provincial governments as well as the formal and informal businesses in the city. Durban like other key cities in the world is and will increasingly be confronted by two main and related challenges. Firstly, there is need to successfully compete in a universal economy characterised by increased competition and globalization. Secondly, there is need to eliminate poverty and address issues of inequality and marginalization. Thus, the Comrades Marathon, as a major sporting event, can be seen as a primary driver to create jobs and contribute to competitiveness. As stated the research was conducted over two years viz. 2004 and 2005 thus representing an "up" and a "down" run. The questionnaire method and interviews were employed for this study and were administered to accommodate the alternate runs. The questionnaire requested data on the age, gender, occupations, income levels, spending patterns and the types of activities that the population found attractive. The population consisted of foreign runners and supporters, runners and supporters that reside in other provinces of South Africa, stall holders at the Comrades Expo that is normally held over three days prior to the race, representatives of the sponsors of the event and vendors. The sample was selected randomly from the population. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with representatives from the hotel industry in Durban, the Acting-Chief Executive Officer and committee members of the Comrades Marathon Association and the Marketing Managers/Public Relations Officers of three major shopping malls located in Durban. Turco, Swart, Bob and Moodley (2003) reported that the leverage ratio that is public sector input against private sector response indicated that the 2001 Comrades Marathon together with other major sporting events held in the city were successful and contributed significantly to the Durban economy. The leverage ratio is illustrative of the amount of money that was accrued to the private sector with every Rand spend by the public sector. Consideration was given to the total revenue generated by peoples' average spending at the events and the total amount accruing to the accommodation industry. Cognisance must be taken that the leverage ratio does not consider overall spending in Durban as well as other general multipliers such as revenue generated from transport, other financial transactions, product suppliers, guided tours, established businesses and informal traders. The findings showed that the leverage ratio for 2004 was computed to be 1:216.38 that is for every Rand spent by the public sector on the event R216.38 was generated by the private sector. In addition, the leverage ratio for 2005 was computed to be 1:434.49 that is for every Rand spend by the public sector on the event R434.49 was generated by the private sector. Thus, the expenditure was considerably higher in 2005 with an upsurge of R31 819 272 that is an increase of 33%. The fundamental idea behind the economic impact of sporting events is that it injects a significant increase in the demand of goods and services into the economy. This effect is not simply the direct effect of consumer spending but also the indirect effects caused by the stimulus to the economic activities induced by the direct effects.
The effect of a sport stacking intervention programme on fine and gross motor skills in preschool children.
(2017) Daya, Bhavik.; Naidoo, Rowena.
Introduction The lack of physical activity among children is alarming and has become a major health concern as children are not engaging in enough physical activity to assist in the growth and development of the child. The development of motor skills in children plays an important role in the level of physical activity children engage in. If a child cannot efficiently run, kick, jump, catch, etc., then the opportunities to participate in sport and other physical activities will become limited because they will not have the necessary skills to do so. Fine motor skills are just as important as gross motor skills and are necessary for the development of basic self-help skills. Activities like sport stacking is believed to improve hand eye coordination, reaction time and motor proficiency. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a five-week sport stacking intervention programme on fine and gross motor skills in preschool children. Methods The study was a quasi-experimental non-equivalent controls design with a pre- and postintervention assessment. The sample selection was a convenient sample of 40 participants between the ages of four and six years. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, second edition (BOT-2) was used to assess fine and gross motor skills. The data collected in this study was subjected to various statistical procedures. All the data was analysed by a computerised statistical procedure (SPSS Version 19) and descriptive (means and standard deviations) and inferential (paired t-tests and independent t-tests) statistics were used to test significant differences pre- and post- intervention with p ≤ 0.05. Results Results demonstrated that the intervention group significantly improved in several fine and gross motor areas. Paired samples t-test for the intervention group showed significant differences for five items assessed (copying a star, transfer of pennies, dribbling a ball – alternating hands, sit-ups and one legged stationary hop). Independent samples t-test showed significant differences for transfer of pennies and dribbling a ball - alternating hands. Analysis of covariance showed significant differences in copying a star, transfer of pennies, tapping feet and fingers – same side synchronised, dribbling a ball – alternating hands and one-legged stationary hop. Conclusion A sport stacking intervention programme is a suitable method to improve fine and gross motor skills in preschool children.
The effect of an anti-inflammatory homeopathic product on cytokine status in venous blood following 90 minutes of downhill running.
(2008) Docrat, Aadil.; Peters-Futre, Edith Margret.
Background: Downhill running involves eccentric contractions of the gluteal, quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscles and the lengthening of muscle fibres as they contract. Several studies have demonstrated that this type of prolonged eccentrically biased exercise induces tissue damage and subsequent enhancement of an inflammatory response. Traumeel® S (Heel GmbH, Baden-Baden, Germany) is a homeopathic-complex used to treat trauma and inflammatory processes that is sold as an over the counter remedy in pharmacies. Although the antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of Traumeel® S have been demonstrated in selected clinical trials as well as in in vitro experimental models, little is known of its scientific mechanisms of action. Aim: The aim of this study was to establish whether administration of Traumeel® S five days before and three days after a 90-minute downhill treadmill run at 75% V02 peak significantly changes systemic markers of the inflammatory response. These are to include blood-borne concentrations of Cortisol and examples of selected T-helperrcell cytokines, T-helper2-cell cytokines, chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines during the three days following the 90-minute downhill run. Method: This study was designed as a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial in which matched subjects were randomised to Traumeel (TRAU) and Placebo (PLAC) pairs and exposed to two 90-minute downhill running trials. Twenty subjects (12 men, 8 women) aged between 20 and 50 years, fully complied with all inclusion criteria set for the study. Following baseline laboratory and field testing, they were matched according to gender, body mass index (BMI), training age, training status, peak running performance and foot-strike patterns and randomized into TRAU and PLAC groups. One Traumeel® S tablet was ingested three times per day for five days prior to and three days following a 90-minute downhill run on a treadmill at a -6% gradient and at a speed eliciting 75% V02 peak on a level gradient. Blood samples were obtained immediately before the 90-minute trial (PRE), immediately after the trial (IPE) and 24 hours (24 PE), 48 hours (48 PE) and 72 hours (72 PE) following the trial. Each subject was also requested to complete a training record prior to the trial and keep a record of the daily symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) both at rest (general pain) and while walking (daily living). Full blood counts, serum creatine kinase (CK) and Cortisol concentrations were determined using standard haematological laboratory procedures. A sandwich ELISA was used to determine plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations. A commercial bead-array kit was used to conduct flow cytometric analysis of Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFa), and Interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) concentrations. Results: Paired student Mests indicate that the mean ± SEM of the two groups was not significantly different (p < 0.05) in terms of age, BMI, percentage body fat, training age, foot strike patterns, running performance, FVC, FEV1; baseline heart rate and blood pressure, RERmax, V02 peak, VEmax, or training status. Although the TRAU group completed the 90-minute downhill running trial at a significantly faster speed (13.3 ± 2.1 vs. 12.8 ±0.3 km.hr; p = 0.02) and covered a greater distance (20.1 ± 0.3 vs. 19.34 ± 0.4; p = 0.03), mean and maximum heart rate and RPE did not differ between trials in the TRAU and PLAC groups. The downhill running protocol resulted in significant increases in neutrophil counts and creatine kinase, Cortisol, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 concentrations in the circulation (n = 20; p < 0.001). When comparing the TRAU (n = 10) and PLAC (n = 10) groups, blood neutrophil counts, creatine kinase, Cortisol, and IL-6 concentrations over the 5 time points and PRE, IPE and 24 PE plasma TNF, IL-8, EL-10 and EL-12p70 concentrations did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Blood creatine kinase was, however, significantly higher in the TRAU group at 24PE (p < 0.05). The post-trial DOMS scores reported by the TRAU group over the 3-day post-exercise recovery period were also significantly lower in the TRAU group at 24PE (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Despite a faster running speed and higher post trial CK concentration in the TRAU group following the 90-minute downhill run, statistically significant differences in circulating stress hormone, and cytokine concentrations (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFa and IL-12p70) between the TRAU and PLAC groups, were not identified. Delayed onset muscle soreness was also significantly lower in the TRAU group at 24 hours post trial (p = 0.03). While these findings would support attenuation of the post-exercise inflammatory response by Traumeel® S, further work is required to verify this possibility.
The effect of an anti-inflammatory homeopathic product on systemic markers of inflammation following 90 minutes of downhill running.
(2008) Smith, Megan.; Peters-Futre, Edith Margret.
Background: The homeopathic preparation, Traumeel S, has been used as a valuable alternative to conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) for over 30 years. This antihomotoxic, anti-phlogistic drug has been widely used by sportsmen and women in the treatment of lesions and inflammatory processes which result from exercise-induced skeletal muscle microtrauma. Although numerous randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trials have confirmed the efficacy of Traumeel S as an anti-inflammatory agent, there are few in vivo studies which have specifically investigated the mechanism by which Traumeel S is effective in reducing inflammatory response to exercise-induced muscle cell damage. Aim: To establish whether the administration of Traumeel S during the five days before participation and three days following participation, significantly attenuates the systemic markers of the inflammatory response, following a 90-minute downhill running trial. Method: Twenty-four healthy athletes (14 men and 10 women), aged 20-50 years, were recruited for this study. Following baseline laboratory testing and familiarisation with the treadmill as well as a field test, subjects were matched according to gender, BMI, training age, training status, peak performance and foot strike patterns and randomised into Traumeel (TRS) and Control (PLAC) groups in a placebo-controlled, double-blind design. One Traumeel S or Placebo tablet was ingested three times per day for five days prior to and three days following a 90-minute exercise trial on a downhill (-6% gradient) at 75% V02 max- Blood samples were collected prior to the 90-minute trial (PRE), immediately after the trial (IPE) and 24 hours (24 PE), 48 hours (48 PE) and 72 hours (72 PE) following the trial. Each subject was also requested to complete a training record prior to the trial and keep a record of the daily symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) both at rest (general pain) and during walking (daily living). Full blood counts (FBC), serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Cortisol concentrations were measured using standard haematological laboratory procedures and serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) was determined by immunoturbidimetric assay. Sandwich ELISA's were used to determine myeloperoxidase (MPO) and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations. All results obtained were adjusted for changes in plasma volume as calculated from the red blood cell indices. Results: Mean ± SD characteristics of the gender-matched subjects in the experimental (TRS) and placebo-control (PLAC) groups did not differ significantly in terms of BMI, age, % body fat, FVC, FEVi, training age and status, foot strike pattern or peak running performance, maximal Heart Rate, VE, V02peak> RER, RPE during the maximal exercise test (p > 0.05). This indicated that the randomised pairs were well matched. The 90-minute downhill running protocol resulted in significant elevations in total circulating white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil, CK, LDH, Cortisol, CPR, MPO and IL-6 concentrations (p < 0.001). When comparing the TRS and PLAC groups, mean ± SD total and differential WBC count, neutrophil count, CK, LDH, Cortisol, CPR, MPO and IL-6 concentrations did not differ (p > 0.05) over the 5 time points. At 24 PE, MPO concentrations were significantly higher in the TRS group than in the PLAC group (p = 0.03). The lower mean ± SD post-trial DOMS scores reported by the TRS group were not significantly different from those reported by the PLAC group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although the findings of this study did not identify differences in circulating CK, LDH, Cortisol, CPR and IL-6 concentrations between the TRS and PLAC groups, the elevated MPO concentration at 24 PE did provide preliminary novel evidence of enhanced activation of neutrophil oxidative burst activity following exercise-induced muscle damage which is hypothesized to accelerate the recovery process.
The Effect of exhaustive exercise on lymphocyte apoptosis.
(2001) Chetty, Ananthan.
Post exercise lymphocytopenia is a well documented phenomenon. Studies have reported exercise induced DNA damage in leucocytes and have postulated a possible link to apoptosis. Five subjects of differing fitness levels underwent a ramped treadmill test to exhaustion. Venous sampling was undertaken before, immediately post exercise, and 24 and 48 hours after exercise. Single cell gel electrophoresis showed evidence of single strand DNA breaks (as evidenced by an increase in tail moment measurements using the comet assay) in 100% oflymphocytes immediately after exercise, and in the 24 hour and 48 hour post exercise samples. Flowcytometric analysis oflymphocytes revealed a minimal amount of both apoptosis and necrosis at all time intervals. Lymphocyte apoptosis has again been demonstrated after exercise, however the percentage of apoptosis was a maximum of 4.8% at 24 hours. These findings may in part account for the exercise induced lymphocytopenia and reduced immunity demonstrated by numerous previous other studies.
Effect of group exercise on anthropometry, nutritional status and health related quality of life of older persons living in aged care homes within the eThekwini Municipality.
(2014) Rugbeer, Nivash.; Ramklass, Serela Samita.; Van Heerden, H. J.
Introduction: Globally, the prevalence of chronic disease is on the increase with cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death. Worldwide the proportion of older persons aged 60 years and older is also increasing. The elderly within institutionalised setting are often neglected, with the probability of poor nutrition being highly prevalent. Increasing in age and visceral fat coupled with a lack of structured exercise results in inflammatory and pro-inflammatory processes, contributing to the deterioration of physical and physiological functioning. In the context of the elderly living in aged care homes, health related quality of life is defined as their functional status and independence in engaging in activities of daily living. Little is known about the effect of group based exercise and its relation to anthropometry, nutritional status and health related quality of life among the elderly living in aged care homes within the eThekwini central business district (CBD). Aim: The aim of the study was to establish the effect of group exercises in relation to anthropometry, nutritional status and health related quality of life of older persons living in age care homes in the eThekwini central business district. Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was used to compare the effect of a 12 week group exercise programme on two groups of participants using pre-test and post-test procedures. A total of 100 participants selected from five aged care homes. Twenty participants from each of the five facilities were randomly selected through convenient sampling. From the 20 participants, ten participants were randomly assigned to Group A –experimental group and 10 in Group Bobserved group. Group A exercise three times a week and group B exercise two times a week for 12 weeks. Group based 12 weeks exercise intervention was implemented for both groups. Anthropometrical indices investigated included sum of skinfold, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio and BMI. MNA-SF, SF-36 questionnaires were used before and after the exercise intervention to determine nutritional status and health related quality of life respectively. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science Version 18.0 (SPSS) for Windows software. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. A paired t-test and independent t-test was used to analyse parametric data. Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann Whitney U test was used to analyse normally distributed and non-parametric data. Results/Discussion: An inverse relation between 12 weeks of group exercise and sum of skinfold was noted comparing before (M: 141.05 mm, SD: ±37.43mm) and following (M: 153.66 mm, SD: ±46.59mm) group exercise (p<0.01). However this cannot be attributed to group exercise independently, but as a result of the inherent inverse relationship that exists between fat free mass and age. Group exercise when compared to baseline (M: 12.96, SD: ±1.48) and follow up (M: 13.02, SD: ±1.11) was effective in improving nutritional status (p<0.01). Group exercise improved components of HRQoL. Participation in vigorous activities had improved following the group exercise intervention (p<0.01). Exercise was effective in reducing a feeling of worn out (p=0.01), improving social functioning (p<0.01), improved feeling of peace (p<0.01), happiness (p<0.01), change in reported health (p<0.01), mental health (p=0.03) and vitality (p=0.01). There was a significant difference in social functioning (p<0.01), vitality (p<0.01) and mental health (p=0.03) comparing before and following training thrice a week. Group exercise twice a week may improve social functioning (p=0.02). There was a significant difference in mental component summary following 12 weeks of group exercise (p<0.01). There was a significant difference in physical component summary scale (p=0.03) and mental component summary (p=0.04) comparing before and following training twice a week. A significant difference was evident in the mental component summary scale comparing before and following training thrice a week (p<0.01). Conclusion: Group exercise significantly improved nutritional status and health related quality of life of the elderly living in aged care homes. Group exercise performed three times a week may improve social functioning, vitality and mental health whilst exercising two times per week may improve social functioning. This may assist the elderly in accomplishing activities of daily living safely, improving their functional ability and quality of life.
The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on heart rate variability of children with disabilities.
(2015) Nqena, Zingisa Zine.; Naidoo, Rowena.
Introduction: Heart rate variability (HRV) is the oscillation in the interval between consecutive heart beats, resulting from dynamic interplay between multiple physiologic mechanisms that regulate instantaneous heart rate. Short-term heart rate regulation is governed by sympathetic and parasympathetic neural activity and therefore HRV examination can be used as a non-invasive estimate of the functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Aim: To determine the effects of therapeutic horseback riding (THR) intervention on the HRV of children with disabilities including autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, pervasive developmental disorder, sensory problems, and Down syndrome. The objective was to examine if THR intervention improves the HRV of children, hence improving the parasympathetic activity that is associated with a calm and relaxed state. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental design. Heart rate variability components (time and frequency domain) were measured over six intervention group sessions of THR which were conducted once a week for six weeks. The duration of the THR sessions was 20-25 minutes for each group. The THR sessions included riding, mounting and dismounting, trotting, as well as performing activities such as extending arms and throwing a ball while on a horse. Heart rate variability measures were recorded from 29 participants presenting with various disabilities, and was assessed in both time and frequency domains. Results: Over the six THR sessions, the time domain component (RR interval) showed a significant increase in HRV for pre-THR from session one to session six (p=0.011), indicating improved vagal activation. However, frequency domain showed both increased sympathetic activity from session one to session six (p=0.022) reflected by component coefficient of variance for low frequency (CCV LF) and increased parasympathetic activation during THR from session four to session six (p=0.045), reflected by total power (TP). Conclusion: Therapeutic horseback riding intervention of six sessions demonstrated a change in HRV of children with disabilities. However, the changes obtained were not significant to make conclusive measures as to whether sympathetic or parasympathetic activity is predominantly increased after the six sessions. Further research involving a larger sample with a single type of a disability would be recommended to improve the reliability and validity of the study. Furthermore, having a control group would improve the reliability of the study.
Effects of a resistance exercise intervention programme on body composition, chronic disease risks and strength scores in people living with HIV and Aids (PLWHA) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Zimbabwe.
(2017) Mbayo, Victor.; Sookan, Takshita.
Introduction People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) increases their life expectancy. Receiving ART coupled with physical inactivity results in increase in prevalence of hyperlipidaemia, obesity and overweight, type 2 diabetes mellitus, lipodystrophy, decrease in mineral bone density and hypertension among others. Resistance exercise (RE) interventions address chronic disease risks affecting PLWHA receiving ART. Aim The study investigated the effect of RE on body composition, chronic disease risks and strength scores in PLWHA receiving ART. Methods The study followed an experimental, pre-and-post-test design. The sample constituted 128 PLWHA, of black African ethnic groups, aged between 18-45 years and receiving ART. The participants were recruited from Glenview and Mabvuku suburbs in Harare. The participants from Glenview were randomly allocated to an experimental group i.e. the EXP group (n=64) performing REs three days per week and those from Mabvuku to a control group i.e. the CON group (n=64) for 12 weeks following a pre-test session. Body composition (waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, percentage body fat, fat mass, lean body mass), chronic disease risks (fasting blood glucose, fasting total blood cholesterol, blood pressure) and strength (1RM tests) scores were pre-and-post-test measured in all participants observing standard protocols. Chi-square, Fisher’s test, linear regression, Binomial test, Spearman’s and Pearson’s correlations were conducted. SPSS statistical package version 22 was used and significance set at p<0.05. Results Post-test body composition scores remained high in the CON group (n=64), but improved significantly (p<.0005) in the EXP group (n=64). Significant differences (p<.0005) were noted in post-test chronic disease risks between the EXP group (n=64) and the CON group (n=64). Post-test fasting blood glucose and fasting total blood cholesterol scores in the CON group (n=64) were significantly higher (p<.0005) than in the EXP group (n=64). A 100% of the CON group (n=64) participants remained with pre-hypertension at post-test, while 66% of the EXP group (n=64) with hypertension 2 improved to hypertension 1. Strength scores in the EXP group (n=64) participants significantly increased (p<.0005) for bench press, squat, bicep curl and leg curls than in the CON group (n=64). There were no effects of gender in respect of fasting blood glucose and total fasting blood cholesterol scores in both groups at post-test. Conclusion The results showed that the 12 week RE intervention programme improved body composition, chronic disease risk and strength scores in PLWHA receiving ART. Resistance exercise is safe and beneficial for PLWHA in resource-constrained settings. Policy makers may utilise this information to include RE programmes for PLWHA as a healthy lifestyle intervention in Zimbabwe. Keywords HIV, ART, Chronic disease risks, Resistance exercise, Body composition, Strength.

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