College of Law and Management Studies

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A qualitative analysis of auditors' responsibility in South African corporate scandals.
(2023) Govender, Kenthran.; Lathleiff, Charmaine.
For time immemorial, the audit profession has faced backlash from the users of the annual financial statements (AFS) for not doing enough. The calls for the auditor to do more come at times when the entities being audited go into liquidation, business rescue or become corporate failures and these entities were audited with no issues being detected and reported to the users in the audit report. This resulted in financial losses to the users of the AFS who made economic decisions based on the AFS that were audited. The response by auditors is often that it is not their job to prevent corporate scandals or to detect fraud. The role of the auditor in contributing to the corporate scandals not being detected and reported was explored in this study. This study employed a qualitative document analysis approach to analyse the contents of documents relating to the performance of the audit on corporate scandals that occurred in South Africa since 2000 and for which information on the performance of the audit was publicly available. A total of three corporate scandals were explored to determine the contribution of the auditor to the corporate scandal not being detected and reported. A self-developed index was used to categorise the findings into the standard of audit work performed to answer the research questions and achieve the research objectives. It was found that in all three corporate scandals that were analysed, an inappropriate audit opinion was issued and therefore, an audit failure existed. Further, it was found that the audit partner was not independent and detected the material misstatements in the AFS but failed to report the misstatements in the audit report in all three instances. This study sought to provide an understanding of the contribution of the auditor to the corporate scandal. This study provided insight to the role of the auditor in not detecting and preventing corporate scandals and specifically where the problem lies. To the best of the author's knowledge, this study was the first study that explored the contribution of the auditor to corporate scandals not being detected and reported. Future research could explore the role of auditors in more corporate scandals as more information becomes available as well as exploring the role of auditors in corporate scandals in other countries.
An exploration of the drivers of vulnerabilities in informal employment: a case study of the agricultural sector in uPhongolo Local Municipality.
(2023) Ndlangamandla, Wiseman Siboniso.; Mubangizi, Betty Claire.; Okem, Andrew Emmanuel.
This study explores the drivers of vulnerabilities in informal employment using the agricultural sector in uPhongolo Local Municipality as a case study. The study is against the backdrop of inefficient enforcement laws governing the relationships between employers. This study employed a qualitative research methodology with 30 purposively selected participants comprising, twenty farm workers, five municipal workers, and five officials of the Department of Agriculture & Rural Development. Data were collected using face-to-face in-depth audio-recorded interviews. The interviews were transcribed, coded thematically, and analysed using the Institutional theory. The study’s findings revealed that informal agricultural labourers have substantial risks and vulnerabilities due to the unpredictability of their working status, the lack of a documented labour contract, and the lack of efficient enforcement of regulations surrounding the terms of their employment. The government's inability to effectively enforce labor regulations in the agricultural sector has resulted in worker vulnerability in this sector. Due to these factors, informal agricultural workers have limited access to good and affordable health care for themselves and their families. Most unprotected agricultural laborers face a variety of difficulties, including significant criminal exposure and a lack of legal and social protection. Lastly, most farm workers are victims of salary deductions without any contractual or verbal agreement, low remuneration including unpaid overtime, and inconsistent working hours. This study recommends that government must review current labour legislation in the agricultural sector, this could be done by creating a single joint interdepartmental collaboration structure. This study also recommended that there is a need for increasing digital communication mechanisms and media coverage on labour issues in the agricultural sector. There is a need for amendment and enforcement of the Labour Relations Act of 1995; and the Basic Conditions of Employment Act of 1997 (Sectoral Determination 13: Farmworker Sector). The government has the mandate to ensure that Determination 13 for Agriculture is applied in agricultural farms. This can be done by maximizing the number of professional labour inspectors. Finally, the study recommended a need for the establishment of a workplace forum to represent farm workers’ labour rights.
An investigation into supply chain challenges at Durban North liquor distributors in eThekwini Metro, KwaZulu-Natal
(2022) Mavundla, Sandile.; Yalezo, Bhasela.
The liquor industry plays an important role in the South African economy. It contributes greatly towards job creation as well as economic growth. The fragmented structure of the industry provides an opportunity for firms of different sizes to play a role in the liquor supply chain. The large companies act as suppliers and manufacturers, while medium-sized companies are involved mainly in wholesale distribution, and the smaller companies act as retailers who connect with the final consumers. Although the industry is a strategic player in the economy, it is not without challenges. Some of the challenges include high operating costs due to statutory controls, yet margins are low. As a result, the industry is highly competitive. The aim of this research was to investigate supply chain challenges within the liquor industry, with an intention to propose solutions to unlock the industry’s full potential. A qualitative research design was adopted in this study, in which the researcher interviewed customers to understand the liquor supply chain challenges from their perspective. A research sample was drawn from a list of targeted participants who deal with the distributor Durban North Liquor Distributors. A purposive sampling strategy was used to draw a sample of clients from different wards around eThekwini Municipality. According to the research findings, the distributor provides an impeccable customer service. However, the challenges identified include lack of and inconsistent communication around nonavailability of products and anticipated time of delivery. The respondents also highlighted that the prevalence of receiving incorrect products that were not part of the initial order was high, which points to the lack of quality controls at Durban North Liquor Distributors. Due to a centralised distribution strategy, the respondents also felt that the distributor should improve on delivery plans. Recommendations include that the distributor should standardise the ordering system by using e-commerce platforms, and immediately communicate non-available items to customers, before sending orders for picking. In addition, there is a need to conduct quality control before dispatching orders. Finally, to address the delivery constraints caused by centralised distribution, the distributor should complement their fleet by procuring the transport services of third-party transport service providers, so as to improve geographical coverage, within customers’ operating hours.
Country risk components and financial asset markets interdependence: evidence from South Africa=Izinkomba-ngozi Zezwe Kanye Nokubambisana Ezimpahleni Zomnotho Ezimaketheni: Ubufakazi Obuvela eNingizimu Afrikha.
(2023) Nhlapho, Rethabile Nokulunga.; Muzindutsi, Paul-Francois.; Obalade, Adefemi Alamu.
Over the last few decades, financial markets have become more interlinked. As a result, there has been an increased demand for information across markets and thus, a need for country-specific risk ratings. Risk ratings are vital for attracting investments and capital inflows in financial markets by providing signals regarding a country’s economic, financial and political fundamentals. However, there remains a lack of consensus on the nature of the relationship between country risk and key asset markets, namely, the stock market, bond market, housing market, and gold and oil markets. This doctoral study evaluates the impact of country risk components on asset returns and their interlinkages for the period from February 2000 to December 2019 within the South African context. The first analytical paper (presented in Chapter 3) evaluates the dynamic relationship between South African asset markets using the Markov Switching Vector Autoregressive (MSVAR) model. The findings showed that the response of all asset returns to shocks in the economic system was regime-dependent. Moreover, shocks emanating from the exchange rate market and bond market explained most of the variation in the bull and bear regimes. The second paper (presented in Chapter 4) investigates the impact of country risk on various asset markets ing a Non-Linear Autoregressive Lag model (NARDL). This study fills the gap in understanding the reaction of stock, bond, housing, currency, gold and oil markets to positive and negative innovations in country risk components. The findings show evidence of long-run cointegrating relationships between asset returns and country risk components and indicate that country risk components are effective determinants of domestic asset market returns. The third paper (presented in Chapter 5) examines the effects of economic, financial and political risk on asset market linkages using a combination of the Dynamic Conditional Correlation Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (DCC-GARCH) and NARDL models. The findings show that the correlation between asset markets was positive in stable market conditions and showed negative comovements during periods of market turmoil. Financial and political risk ratings were found to be the main drivers of asset market comovements in the short run. Anincrease in South African (domestic) political risk had a larger effect in the long run and was found to be an important determinant of asset return comovements. This result provides evidence suggesting that asset markets are informationally inefficient and changes in financial and political risk ratings can be used to predict price movements. Overall, this doctoral dissertation’s findings highlight the diversification benefits of domestic assets during periods of market uncertainty. Moreover, the results show that examining the different components of country risk provides better insight into the impact of country risk on asset markets. The results of this dissertation have significant implications for asset allocation decisions and risk management. From a policy perspective, it is crucial to formulate policies that address political instability as it plays a pivotal role in determining asset return behaviour, and consequently, the financial stability of the country. Furthermore, the results have implications for traditional asset pricing models that only capture the effects of market risk to predict future asset market behaviour. A more comprehensive understanding of the risks of specific markets is vital for more informed financial decision-making. Future research could extend the scope of the study to investigate the composite political risk factors that explain asset market behaviour. Iqoqa Ukuqagula ngenzuzo yempahla kusemqoka, ikakhulu ezimaketheni ezisathuthuka, ikakhulu ngoba abatshalizimali emhlabeni bazifaka engozini enkulu ngenxa yalezi zimakethe. Okugcina ngokuthi kube nesidingo esikhulu sokuthi amazwe afakwe esikalini njengalokhu ababambi-qhaza kwezomnotho befisa ukunciphisa ubungozi abazifaka kubo. Ukukalwa kobungozi kubalulekile ukuheha abatshali zimali kanye nokuhelela kwengqalabhizinisi emaketheni yezimali ngokunika izinkomba zomnotho, ezezimali kanye nesisekelo sezombangazwe wezwe. Kushosha ukuvulana komsuka wobudlelwane phakathi kobungozi obuthathwa yizwe, singabala isitokwe semakethe, imakethe yesivumelwano sembolekomali, imakethe yezindlu kanye nemakethe yegolide nemakethe kawoyela. Lolu cwaningo luhlole ubudlelwane phakathi kwezimpahla ezisezimakethe eNingizimu Afrikha kusetshenziswa imodeli i-Markov Switching Vector Autoregressive (MSVAR) nemodeli i-Dynamic Conditional Correlation Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (DCC-GARCH). Umthelela wobungozi obuthathwa yizwe enzuzweni yempahla kanye ne-covariance yayo ihlolwe kusetshenziswa imodeli i-Non-Linear Autoregressive Lag (NARDL). Ngaphezukwakho konke, imiphumela iveze ukwehluka kwenzuzo empahleni yangaphakathi ngesikhathi sokungazinzi kwezimakethe. Imiphumela yocwaningo iveza ukuthi izimpendulo zayo yonke inzuzo yezimpahla azinalo uzinzo kwezomnotho kuncike kuHulumeni osuke uphethe. Ukungazinzi okusukela enanini lokuhwebelana kwezimakethe kanye nesivumelwano sobolekomali ezimaketheni kucacise ukungefani okuningi koHulumeni be-the bull and bear regimes. Ubungozi bezomnotho nezepolitiki kube yikho okuyizizathu zesixakaxaka ezimpahleni zezimakethe, esikhathini esifushane. Ukuthuthuka kobungozi kwezepolitiki eNingizimu Afrikha (ngaphakathi) kube nomthelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaphinde kwaba nesandla kwi-asset return linkages. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi izimpahla zezimakethe azinalo ulwazi oluphelele kanye nezinguquko zokukalwa kwezomnotho nezepolitiki kungasetshenziswa ukuqagula ukunyakaza kwamanani. Imiphumela isemqoka kakhulu kubabumbi-zinqubomgomo, kangangoba, izinqubomgomo mazibunjwe ukudambisa ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki njengoba ineqhaza elibalulekile kwezomnotho wezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela inomthelela kumamodeli ajwayelekile e-asset pricing avame ukuveza umthelela wobungozi bezimakethe ukuqagula ikusasa lezimpahla nemikhuba yakhona. Ukuqonda ubungozi ngokusabalele kwezimakethe kubalulekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ezinqala kwezomnotho.
Credit referencing, bank lending methodologies and SME access to finance in Ghana=Ukubheka izikweletu, Izindlela Zokuboleka ebhange, kanye Nokufinyelela Kwama-SME Kwezezimali eGhana.
(2021) Gyimah, Kofi Nyarko.; Muzindutsi, Paul-Francois.; Akande, Joseph Olorunfemi.
Academic as well as policymakers acknowledge the importance that access to credit to entrepreneurs plays in stirring the economic growth and development in both developed and developing countries. Despite the increasing use of use different lending methodologies in their dealings with Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs), a significant segment of SMEs are yet to benefit from these methodologies. This study examined the association between bank lending methodologies, Credit Reference Information (CRI), and SMEs ' access to credit in Ghana. This study adopted a mixed-methods research approach characterised by the quantitative (cross-sectional) approach and qualitative technique. The accessible population of SMEs was 2,354, out of which a sample of 1,061 SMEs was determined using the simple random sampling method. The sample applied to the qualitative aspect of the study was eight managers who were selected using the purposive sampling method. A survey questionnaire and interview were used to gather data. Quantitative data were analysed using Pearson’s correlation test, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse qualitative data from interviews. Data analysis revealed that two domains of methodologies, namely Collateral Based Records (CBRs) and Personal Business Characteristics (PBCs), were applied to the participants to a great extent. The average scores associated with these dimensions were significantly higher than the median of the measurement scale. Furthermore, responses from the qualitative analysis suggest that CBRs as a methodology were more applied, but financial institutions also applied PBCs. Applying the two methodologies is necessary as they play unique roles in lending, though CBRs better cushions banks against default. This implies that both transaction-based and relationship-based lending methodologies are applied mainly by banks in Ghana though transaction-based lending is the most applied. The study contributed to the literature by proposing a framework of steps that SMEs in Ghana can take towards successful loan applications. Iqoqa Ucwaningo luhlole ukuhlobana phakathi kwezindlela zokuboleka amabhange, i-CRI, nama-SME ukuthola isikweletu e-Ghana. Nakuba izincwadi zangaphambili zenza ukungabaza emandleni alezi zindlela ezimbili zokubikezela ngempumelelo ukufinyelela kwezikweletu kumafemu ama-SME, lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-CRI inyusa amandla alezi zindlela zokuboleka ukuze zisize ukuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kwesikweletu. Lolu cwaningo lwamukele indlela yocwaningo exubile ebonakala ngendlela yobuningi (i-cross-sectional) kanye nezindlela zekhwalithi. Inani labantu abafinyelelekayo lama-SME laliyizinkulungwane ezimbili amakhulu amathathu namashumi amahlanu nane (2,354) lapho isampula lama-SME liyinkulungwane eyodwa namashumi ayisithupha nanye (1,061) anqunywa kusetshenziswa indlela elula yokusampula engahleliwe. Isampula esetshenziswe esicini sekhwalithi yocwaningo bekungabaphathi abayisiyishiyagalombili (8) abakhethwe kusetshenziswa indlela yesampula eyinhloso. Imininingo yaqoqwa ngokusetshenziswa kwemibuzo yocwaningo kanye nezingxoxo. Imininingo yobuningi yahlaziywa ngokuhlolwa kokuhlobanisa kuka-Pearson, ukuhlaziya i-Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), kanye nokuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwe-Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Ukuhlaziywa ngokwengikimba kwasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlaziywe imininingo yekhwalithi evela ezingxoxweni. Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingo kuthole ukuthi izizinda ezimbili zezindlela, okuyi-Collateral Based Records (CBRs) kanye nezimo zebhizinisi lomuntu siqu, phecelezi, i-Personal Business Characteristics (PBC), zisetshenziswe kubahlanganyeli ngezinga eliphezulu. Okusho ukuthi, izikolo ezimaphakathi ezihlotshaniswa nalezi zilinganiso beziphezulu kakhulu kunemidiyeni yesikali sokulinganisa. Izimpendulo ezivela ekuhlaziyweni kwekhwalithi ziphakamisa ukuthi ama-CBR njengendlela yokusebenza asetshenziswa kakhulu kodwa ama-PBC nawo asetshenziswa izikhungo zezezimali. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela ezimbili kuyadingeka njengoba zidlala indima eyingqayizivele ekubolekeni, nakuba ama-CBR evikela kangcono amabhange ngokuzenzakalelayo. Umthelela walokhu ukuthi amabhange womabili izindlela zokuboleka ezisekelwe ekwenziweni kanye nezisekelwe ebudlelwaneni zisetshenziswa kakhulu amabhange aseGhana nakuba imali ebolekiwe esekelwe entendeni isetshenziswa kakhulu. Ucwaningo lube negalelo ekubhalweni ngokuphakamisa uhlaka lwezinyathelo ama-SME aseGhana angazithatha ukuze afake isicelo semalimboleko esiyimpumelelo.
Developing a competitive intelligence strategy model for South African life assurance industry=Ukuthuthukisa imodeli yesu lezobunhloli eliqhudelanayo lemboni yaseNingizimu Afrikha YokuQinisekisa Impilo.
(2022) Maluleka, Mpho Lawrence.; Chummun, Bibi Zaheenah.
Competitive Intelligence Embeddedness (CIE) and organisational performance studies have used various techniques and methods to explain the relationships between variables. To address this limitation in the body of knowledge, the objective of this study was to apply PLS-SEM and build a model that explained and identified the critical factors affecting CIE in the SA life insurance environment. This study was deductive and based on a non experimental research design. Quantitative research methods and descriptive design with the positivist research paradigm were employed. The researcher developed a cross-sectional quantitative approach using smart-PLS version 3.2.7. Data were collected from 276 respondents, and the response rate was 72%. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to estimate the proposed theoretical model. This model was examined from an explanatory-predictive perspective and exhibited a high out-of-sample predictive power. Furthermore, this study’s measurement model was confirmed to be valid and reliable and acceptable. The findings of this study revealed that the R² value of the model was scored at 0.615, 0.506, and 0.735, which meant that the fourteen exogenous latent constructs collectively explained 61.5%, 50.60%, and 73.50% of the variance CIE, CS, and OP respectively. The model’s Goodness-of-Fit measured by SRMR and RMS_theta was 0.55 and 0.101 within the acceptable benchmark. The hypothesis validated that CIE was supported by employees, strategy, information usefulness, and information providers. Also, CIE, employee role clarity, and customer satisfaction aided organisational performance. This study showed that CIE is vital in SA life assurance companies because of its close association with customer satisfaction and organisational performance. Moreover, this study highlighted that the success of CIE in SA life assurance companies is influenced by the leadership style, technological readiness of the organisation, corporate culture and the accuracy, and use of information for strategic decision-making. Future research should consider a similar study in other African countries and globally to find similarities in embedding CI in organisations. The future investigation should also consider short-term insurance and other industries to test this study’s conceptual model. Iqoqa: Isiko lokusebenza ngokuzikhandla, phecelezi i-Competitive Intelligence Embeddedness (CIE) kanye nocwaningo ngokusebenza kwenhlangano kusebenzisa izindlela namasu ahlukene ukuchaza ubudlelwane bezinto ezahlukene ezithinta ukusebenza. Ukubhekana nalokhu kuntuleka kolwazi ocwaningweni olukhona, inhlosongqangi yalolu cwaningo bekuwukusebenzisa i-PLS-SEM kwakhiwe indlela echaza futhi ihlonze izinto ezibalulekile ezithinta i-CIE kwezemishwayilense lapha eNingizimu Afrikha. Lolu cwaningo beluhlola isimo ngendlela ejwayelekile kanti alulona ucwaningo lokuhlola ukuthi into ingenzeka yini. Lolu wucwaningo oluyikhwalithethivu kanti futhi oluchazayo, noluphinde lulandele ipharadayimu ye-positivist. Umcwaningi usebenzise indlela esasiphambano yocwaningo oluyikhwalithethivu esebenzisa indlela ye-smart-PLS version 3.2.7. Imininingo ikhiqizwe kubahlanganyeli abanga-276, kanti izimpendulo ezatholakala zakha amaphesenti angama-72. Indlela eyaziwa nge-Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) yasetshenziswa njengenjulalwazi ephakanyisiwe yalolu cwaningo. Le ndlela yacutshungulwa ngendlela yokuchaza sakuqagula kanti kwabonakala inamandla amakhulu okukwazi ukuqagula. Kanti futhi, indlela yalolu cwaningo yokukala yaqininsekiswa njengendlela eyiyo, ethembekile futhi eyemukelekile. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo yaveza ukuthi izinga le-R² yale ndlela yaphumelela ngo-0.615, 0.506, no-0.735, okusho ukuthi imiphumela yangaphandle esacashile eyishumi nane yonke yachaza amaphesenti angama-61.5, 50.60, nangama-73.50 yezinhlobo ze-CIE, i-CS, ne-OP ngokwehlukahlukana. Ukusebenza kwale ndlela kwaqinisekiswa nge-SRMR ne-RMS_Theta ka-0.55 no-0.101 ngokwesikalo esilindelekile uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye. Isihlawumbiselo siveza ukuthi i-CIE yayisekwa kakhulu ngabasebenzi, isu, ukusetshenziswa kolwazi, kanye nabahlinzeki bolwazi. Kanti futhi, i-CIE, ukucacisa ngeqhaza labasebenzi, kanye nokuneliseka kwabathengi, konke kuyasiza ekwenzeni kahle kwenkampani. Lolu cwaningo lukuvezile ukuthi i-CIE ibaluleke kakhulu ezinkampanini zemishwayilensi lapha eNingizimu Afrikha ngoba isondelene kakhulu nokuneliseka kwabathengi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenhlangano. Ukwengeza kulokhu, lolu cwaningo lugqamisa ukuthi impumelelo ye-CIE ezinkampanini zemishwayilense ihambelana nendlela yokuphatha, ukuzimisela kwenkampani ukusebenzisa ezobuchwepheshe, isiko lokusebenza kwenkampani nokwenza umsebenzi kahle, kanye nokusebenzisa ulwazi ekuthatheni izinqumo. Ucwaningo lwangomuso kumele lwenze ucwaningo olufuze lolu emazweni ase-Afrika nasemhlabeni wonke jikelele ukuze izinhlangano zikwazi ukufaka i-CI kuzona. Ucwaningo lwangomuso kumele futhi luyibuke indaba yokunikeza imishwayilense yesikhashana nokusebenzisana nezinye izimboni ukubheka ukuthi le ndlela yokusebenza enconywe kulolu cwaningo ingabasebenzela yini.
Developing an intelligence and security framework to counteract insurance fraud in the low income sector. The case of Zimbabwe=Ukwakha ubuhlakani nohlaka lwezokuphepha ukuze kuphikiswane nokukhwaniswa komshwayilense endaweni yabahola kancane. Ucwaningo luzokwenzelwa eZimbabwe .
(2022) Nyangoni, Soul.; Chummun, Bibi Zaheenah.
This study explores avenues to develop a security and intelligence framework to counteract insurance fraud in the low-income sector in Zimbabwe. Insurance fraud, a threat to both national security and performance of the micro insurance industry, offering insurance services to low-income earners in Zimbabwe. The examination stretches from the causes of micro-insurance fraud to measures that can be fused with security intelligence to combat micro-insurance fraud. The framework of this study was a quantitative study, following stratified random sampling of three hundred and twenty-six participants. A structured questionnaire was deployed to collect primary data and complemented by interviews, focus groups and document inspection. The association between causes of insurance fraud, organised criminal syndicates, and low-income earners were investigated using structural equation modelling. The primary objective was to identify factors that enhance insurance fraud and measure the significance and causal effect of the identified variables. The response postulated that there are internal and external factors amongst them poor internal controls, lack of investment in artificial intelligence and poor human capital management systems which are being explored by organised crime syndicates to peddle micro insurance fraud. The internal and external factors work as an integrated front and the absence of one factor may negatively affect the decision to continue with the crime. In that regard, this study recommended the CEPSI strategy. The acronym CEPSI abbreviates for Customers, Employees, Participation, Systems and Intelligence and this is meant to overhaul microinsurance service provider’s operating systems. Conclusions were reached after synchronisation of primary and secondary data with research objectives. The CEPSI approach provide insurance firms with capabilities to detect, prevent, sanction, investigate, and remediate insurance fraud in the low-income sector of Zimbabwe. The focus is to equip the micro-insurance service providers with proactive capabilities meant to detect and thwart insurance fraud amongst policyholders, employees and organised crime syndicates by designing internal security measures fused with artificial intelligence to detect insurance fraud, educating the general public with regards to threats and consequences of insurance fraud and also working in liaison with security intelligence apparatus. Iqoqo Lolu cwaningo luzohlola imigudu yokwakha uhlaka lobuhlakani kanye nezokuphepha ukuze kuphikiswane nokukhwabaniswa kwemishwayilense endaweni yabahola kancane eZimbabwe. Ukukhwabaniswa komshwalense, ukusabisa kukho kokubili ezokuphepha kuzwelonke kanye nokusebenza kwemboni zomshwalense esencane, ukunikezela komsebenzi womshwalense kulabo abahola kancane eZimbabwe. Ukuhlola kuyodlulela nasezimbangeleni zokukhwabaniswa komshwalense okuncane kuye ezilinganisweni ezingahlanganiswa nobuhlakani bezokuphepha ukuze kuqedwe ukukhwabaniswa komshwalense omncane. Uhlaka lwalolu cwaningo kwakungolocwaningozinombolo, lulandela ukuqoka ngokohlelomkhakha okungahlelekile kwababambiqhaza abangamakhulu amathathu namashumi amabili nesithupha. Kwasetshenziswa uhlu lwemibuzo oluhleliwe ukuqoqa imininingo yokuqala kwahlanganiswa nezimposambuzo, amaqoqo azocwaningwa kanye nokuhlola imibhalo. Ukuhlobana phakathi kwezimbangela zokukhwabaniswa komshwalense, izinhlangano zobugebengu obuhleliwe kanye nabahola imali encane baphenywa kusetshenziswa imodelingi yesibalokulingana sesakhiwo. Inhlosongqangi yocwaningo kwakungukuhlonza izimo ezinokuthuthukisa ukukhwabaniswa komshwalense kanye nesilinganisi esimqoka nomphumela wamavariyebuli ahlonziwe. Impendulo yabeka ngokuyiqiniso ukuthi kunezimo zangaphandle nezangaphakathi phakathi kwezilawuli zangaphakathi ezimbi, ukungabibikho kophenyo kubuhlakani obungaziveleli kanye nezihlelo zokuphathwa kwengqalabhizinisi yabantu abaswele yahlolwa izinhlangano zobugebengu ezihlelelwe ukuthengisa ngokukhwabaniswa komshwalense osemncane. Izimo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zibonakala zisebenza ngokuhlanganyela kodwa ngokungabibikho kwesimo esisodwa kungasiphazamisa kakhulu izinqumo sokuqhubeka nobugebengu. Ngaleyo ndlela, lolu cwaningo lwancoma isu iCEPSI. Isifinyezo iCEPSI sifinyeza Abathengi, Izisebenzi, Ukubamba iqhaza, Izinhlelo noBuhlakanikanti lokhu kwenzelwe ukulungisa kabusha izinhlelo zokusebenza kwabanikeza umsebenzi wemishwalense emincane. Kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni ngemuva kokuvumelanisa umniningo wokuqala nowesibili kanye nezinhloso zocwaningo. Indlela iCEPSI yanikezela ngamafemu omshwalense anokukwazi ukuthola, ukugwema, isijeziso, ukuphenya kanye nokulungisa ukukhwabaniswa komshwayilense endaweni yabahola kancane eZimbabwe. Okwakugxilwe kukho ukuhlomisa abancane abanikezela ngomsebenzi wokukhwabanisa umshwalense abanokukwazi ukuthola kanye nokuvimba ukukhwabaniswa komshwalense phakathi kwabanikazi benqubomgomo, izisebenzi kanye nezinhlangano zobugebengu obuhleliwe ngokuthi kusungulwe izinyathelo zokuphepha zangaphakathi zihlanganiswe nezobuhlakani obenziwe ukuze kutholwe ukukhwabaniswa komshwalense, ukufundiswa komphakathi owejwayelekile mayelana nokwesabisa kanye nemiphumela yokukhwabaniswa komshwalense kanye nokusebenza ngokuxhumana nezinsizakusebenza zezobuhlakani bezokuphepha.
Development of an inter-generational business sustainability framework for family-owned passenger bus companies in Zimbabwe.
(2023) Chipere, Tawanda Finias.; Mutambara, Emmanuel.; Chikandiwa, Christopher Tarisayi.
Abstract Family businesses being the predominant form of business organization, and estimated in the range of 60-98% of all firms worldwide, contribute immensely to world economies. It is however deplorable that throughout the world they are victims of intergenerational demise, failing to sustain themselves over multiple generations, emanating from a plethora of challenges that seed them into total collapse. Their very low survival rates are a matter of concern. Zimbabwe’s passenger transport sector is typical, with glaringly overwhelming cases of failure. Evidence abound in Zimbabwe of family-owned passenger bus companies (FOPBCs) that have folded, following the passing on of their founders. The sibling and consortium generations succeeding the founders have plunged the businesses into extinction. Despite a tremendous surge in family business research due to their global importance, the totality of studies focused on Africa is small. Notwithstanding their prevalence there exists absence of in-depth knowledge on their operations, including in Zimbabwe. Accordingly, this study focussed on investigating the determinants for business sustainability of FOPBCs in Zimbabwe. Drawing from various business theories, models and literature, the research utilized a pragmatic paradigm that adopted the exploratory sequential mixed method design (Qual – Quan research) to investigate the factors influencing the survival of Zimbabwe’s FOPBCs. The qualitative research component undertook ten (10) interviews based on nonprobability sampling techniques, to derive relevant themes based on NVivo 2020, that were then employed to design a questionnaire. The follow-up questionnaire was deployed on a census of one hundred and fifty-three (153) FOPBCs in Zimbabwe as the study population. The resultant quantitative data was analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) through the application of principal components analysis (PCA), to determine the factors influencing the survival of Zimbabwe’s FOPBCs. The key outputs are methodological, contextual and intergenerational business sustainability framework contributions. The study revealed that succession planning, leadership, total capital, management, family entrepreneurship, strategy, governance, and external environmental factors bear strongly on cross generational sustainability. These factors form the intergenerational business sustainability framework for the FOPBCs. Imperatively, leaders of such companies, policy makers and scholars must pay devout attention to addressing the challenges in logistics and passenger transport management. Iqoqa Ibhizinisi lomndeni okuyilona elibonakala lithandwa kakhulu emkhakheni wezambhizinisi, kanti futhi okubanakala lihamba phambili ngamaphesenti angama-60 kuye kwangama-98 umhlaba wonke, yilona elibambe iqhaza elikhulu emnothweni womhlaba. Nokho kuyadabukisa ukubona ukuthi emhlabeni wonke jikelele ibhizinisi lomndeni ligcina lifadalala ezandleni zezizukulwane, ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuzilawula ngokushintshana kwezizukulwane, ngezizathu eziningi nezenza ligcine lifa lelo bhizinisi. Amathuba angathembisi okuphumelela kwamabhizinisi omndeni aletha ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Ibhizinisi lezokuthutha eZimbabwe liyisibonelo salokhu, elibonakala lifadalala ngendlela eyisimangaliso. Buningi ubufakazi eZimbabwe bamabhizinisi omndeni amabhasi, ifamily-owned passenger bus companies (FOPBCs) afadalala kulandela ukushona kwalabo abawasungula. Uzalo kanye nesizukulwane esalandela abasunguli bala mabhizinisi bahluleka ukuwalawula agcine ngokuwa. Ngale kokwanda kocwaningo emhlabeni ngamabhizinisi omndeni ngenxa yokubaluleka kwawo emhlabeni jikelele, luncane ucwaningo olugxile e-Afrika. Ngale kokwanda kwalawa mabhizinisi, luncane ulwazi olukhona ngokusebenza kwawo, kufaka phakathi neZimbabwe. Lolu cwaningo lwabheka izinto ezingenza ukuqhubeka kwe-FOPBCs eZimbabwe. Ngokulawulwa izinjulalwazi ezahlukene zamabhizinisi, izindlela zocwaningo nemibhalo yocwaningo, lolu cwaningo lulandela ipharadaymu yobuqiniso esebenzisa inhlanganisela yobunjalo bocwaningo (okuyikhwalithethivu nekhwantithethivu) ukucwaninga ngezinto ezingaletha ukuqhubeka kwe-FOPBCs eZimbabwe. Ingxenye yekhwalithethivu yasebenzisa inhlolovo eyishumi (10) kubahlanganyeli abaqokwe ngokwenhloso, ukuthola izindikimba ezinohlonze kwasetshenziswa i-NVivo 2020, ukwakha uhlakasikwele lwemibuzo. Uhlakasikwele lwemibuzo elandelisayo yona yenza izibalo eziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu nantathu (153) e-FOPBCs eZimbabwe njengabahlangayeli bocwaningo. Imininingo yekhwantithethivu yona yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa indlela esakuhlola, i-exploratory factor analysis (EFA) kusetshenziswa i-application of principal components analysis (PCA), ukubheka izinto ezingasimamisa i-FOPBCs eZimbabwe. Imiphumela ebalulekile ibheka izindlela zokucwaninga, isimo kanye nokuxhumana kwezizukulwane ekulawulweni kwebhizinisi lomndeni. Lolu cwaningo luveze ukuthi ukushintshana kwezandla, ubuholi, imali, ukuphatha, ulwazi lwebhizinisi emndenini, imibono, ukulawula, kanye nezimo zangaphandle komndeni, konke kunomthelela othize ekuphumeleleni kwebhizinisi. Zonke lezi zinto ziwumgogodla wokuphumelela kwebhizinisi lomndeni isizukulwane ngesizukulwane enkampanini yamabhasi. Okubalulekile ukuthi, abaholi bezinkampani, ababhali bezinqubomgomo kanye nezifundiswa kumele bazinikeze isikhathi bacubungule izinselelo ezibhekene nebhizinisi lezokuthutha nokuthuthwa kwempahla.
Equity super sectors connectedness and its determinants: evidence from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.
(2023) Babatunde, Samuel Lawrence.; Doorasamy, Mishelle.; Obalade, Adefemi A.
Everything depends on everything else. More importantly, macroeconomic and financial connections have proved to be more fundamental compared with others. The reality of dynamic connectedness and time varying correlation as precursors to contagion and systemic risk are proven through the super sectors, namely the Automobile and Parts, Chemical, Telecommunication, Technology, Energy, Health, Finance, Insurance and General Industrial super sectors of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, with daily sample period from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2021. The first objective is to determine the systematically important super sectors in the different extreme periods. The second objective is to determine the return linkages of the equity super sector, while the third objective is to examine the dynamic connectedness and the shock propagation among the super sectors during the extreme risk events. Finally, the fourth objective is to evaluate the determinants of volatility connectedness of the JSE equity super sectors. The different extreme events considered alongside the full sample periods for this study are the 2007/2008 Global financial crisis (GFC), the 2009-2011 European Debt Crisis (EDC), the 2017-2018 U.S-China trade war (U.S-China TWR) and the late 2019-2021 COVID-19 pandemic. This study employs the Page et al., (1999) model with the Granger causality model of Billio et al., (2012) to accomplish objective one. While in objective two, the DECO-GARCH model of Engle and Kelly (2012) was employed to establish the time varying equicorrelations status of the super sectors through the rolling window analysis. For objective three, the realised volatilities of the super sectors were obtained through the Garman and Klass (1980) model and thereafter, the dynamic connectedness and direction of propagation were determined through the Diebold and Yilmaz (2009, 2012 and 2014) model alongside the TVP-VAR of Antonakakis et al., (2020). The study further employed the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model to determine the asymmetrically significant determinants of total sectorial volatility connectedness of the JSE market in the fourth objective. Findings from this study revealed the Telecommunication super sector is the most systematically important super sector during the full sample size analysis. It was revealed that the equicorrelation of the super sectors is positive and high, this was also the case for the rolling window results except for the years not within the extreme period, yet the least equicorrelation was 0.1491 for the year 2012-2013, while the highest was 0.7022 for the COVID-19 pandemic period. It was also established that the total connectedness of the sample period and the different extreme periods were high, suggesting a high interconnectedness of the super sectors. Lastly, the determinant estimation results show LSAVI, LDMR and LEPU as the asymmetrically significant drivers of total sectorial volatility connectedness on the JSE market. This study is the first to investigate sectorial connectedness, equicorrelation and the determinants of volatility connectedness in South Africa and in Africa at large. This study contributes to the limited literature on systemically important equity super sectors and sectorial dynamic connectedness and dynamic equicorrelation in the emerging market. First the result shows that the Telecommunication sector is the most important node for the EDC, the U.SChina trade war and the COVID-19 pandemic periods. While the Insurance and the Energy are the highest ranked super sectors amongst the network of super sectors for the full sample period and for the GFC period, hence making these super sectors the most systemically important nodes during these selected periods. It also shows that the sectorial common equicorrelation on the JSE is high and time varying with higher values for the year where extreme events occurred such as the GFC, EDC, and the COVID-19 pandemic period. This result is also a revelation that during the period of financial or economic crisis correlation of sectors are high compared to non-crisis periods. Third, the dynamic connectedness results show that the sectors on the JSE are interconnected and a shock to one sector can have a spillover effect on another close sector in the value-chain. Fourth, the South African volatility index, the Economic Policy Uncertainty and the Domestic Market Return are symmetrically and asymmetrically significant determinants of the sectorial volatility connectedness of JSE market. These findings from this study have implications for economic policy makers, portfolio and fund managers, foreign and local investors, sector regulators and researchers/academics in the field of finance.
Exploration of the impact of talent management practices on service delivery outcomes at eThekwini Municipality.
(2023) Mbele, Sindy Olive.; Nzimakwe, Thokozani Ian.
eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality is a metropolitan municipality established in 2000, that includes the city of Durban, South Africa, and surrounding towns. The vision of the eThekwini Municipality is that by 2030, eThekwini will enjoy the reputation of being Africa’s most caring and liveable City, where all citizens live in harmony. eThekwini Municipality is operating under unprecedented conditions of competition and turbulence in which it is increasingly difficult to attract and retain talented employees and scarce skills positions with a resulting impact on service delivery. Capacity constraints within the Municipality could hamper economic growth. Therefore, effective talent management is a business imperative as a lack of necessary skills could have serious consequences for the City’s economy. The objective of the study was to understand the impact of talent management on organisational performance from each participant’s point of view. This study was not intended to make any truth claims about the research topic, but rather to understand the impact of the phenomenon under investigation. The qualitative research methodology was selected as a preferred approach because it reinforces an understanding and interpretation of meaning as well as intentions underlying human interactions. This approach was suitable for this study as it allows for data collection through interviews for an in-depth investigation of a problem in one or more real life settings. The study reviewed and utilised the integrated talent management framework which assists organisations to understand the impact of talent management on organisational performance better. In today's world of global trade, talent can guarantee the success and excellence of organisations against competitors, especially at the managerial level. The major findings of the study indicate that eThekwini Municipality has significantly high levels of an aging workforce in leadership and critical positions leading to capacity constraints. There is a clear misalignment between people and organisational performance which needs to be corrected. The study recommends that eThekwini Municipality reviews the implementation of talent management initiatives with clearly stated success measures that drive organisational performance and talent retention strategies.
Exploring consumers’ perceptions of using celebrity endorsers to advertise cosmetics in the Chinese beauty industry.
(2020) Govender, Keriscia.; Tooray, Jenasha.
This study aims to explore consumers’ perceptions of using celebrity endorsers to advertise cosmetics within China’s beauty industry. A plethora of research has established that a favourable celebrity endorser has the power to persuade consumers into making a purchase of a cosmetic product, by enhancing an organisations’ brand image, brand loyalty and brand awareness. Seeing as China’s female consumers represent a lucrative market segment for marketing teams to infiltrate within the beauty industry, a questionnaire was administered for the purpose of uncovering whether a relationship exists between the use of celebrity endorsers as an advertising strategy and consumers’ perceptions of celebrity endorsers; and to determine the impact that this relationship has regarding an organisation’s brand image, brand loyalty, brand awareness and Chinese media platforms and coverage on consumers’ purchase intentions and perceptions. A sample of 217 consumers from a popular cosmetic franchise named Sephora located at six shopping malls in Dalian, North of China, was extracted for data collection using the convenience sampling technique. The data collected was evaluated in order to test the hypotheses of the study and the researcher employed both descriptive and inferential statistics. The empirical findings indicate that a significant difference exists among consumers’ perceptions of celebrity endorsers, Chinese media platforms and coverage within the beauty industry, celebrity endorsers’ influence on brand image, brand loyalty and brand awareness. It was also discovered that Chinese consumers are inclined to purchase a cosmetic product if the celebrity endorser is famous, white-skinned and from a western country. The results generated from this study created a framework which elucidates the recommendations for enhancing the understanding of consumers’ perceptions of celebrity endorsement. This framework is beneficial to marketing teams who aspire to improve advertising strategies, brand image, brand loyalty, brand awareness, and achieve an inordinate amount of media coverage using popular social media platforms in China.
Exploring the financial knowledge culture and behaviour of millennial and generation Z’s: a case study of employees at Astel Systems (Pty) Ltd.
(2023) Chetty, Thalia Fae.; Ngwenya, Tony.
Millennials are currently the largest generational cohort in many countries, and Generation Z are fast approaching. The financial wellbeing of these cohorts is imperative to global financial success and wellbeing. This study was conducted with the aim of exploring the financial habits and knowledge of two generational cohorts by assessing the personal savings and investment behaviours. Further, the study aimed to analyse the spending habits and financial goals of millennials and GenZ. Lastly, the study was implored to determine what strategy could be undertaken to improve the spending and savings habits, and the financial knowledge possessed by these two generations. The most appropriate research methodology to adopt was a qualitative approach, and employed 12 respondents, split equally between the two generational cohorts. Semi structured interviews were conducted with each respondent. By using a thematic approach to the study, significant themes presented themselves, aiding to meet the research objectives. Prevalent themes that emerged included saving patterns and budgeting, investment views and practices, the influence of financial technology and digitisation on saving behaviour, spending habits, financial well- being aspirations and the influences on financial acumen. The findings have found that both cohorts exercise savings habits at either the beginning or the end of the month, however more millennials have a strict savings plan as compared to GenZ. The responses also highlighted that both generational cohorts place emphasis on home ownership in affluent areas. 83% of respondents are risk adverse and choose to hold safer rather risky investments. The study also concluded that millennials are more financially committed than GenZ and have accumulated debt at a younger age in terms of a bond or vehicle finance. Several recommendations were made, including make use of a strict monthly budget, diversifying investment portfolios with the assistance of financial advisors, and Government intervention to reduce interest rates and offer housing subsidies to younger generational cohorts that wish to purchase homes.
Financial development, economic freedom, innovative facilities, economic wellbeing and Inclusive finance in Sub-Saharan Africa.
(2023) Nutassey, Victoria Abena.; Sibanda, Mabutho.; Nomlala, Bomi Cyril.
This thesis presents three empirical papers that seek to improve inclusive finance and economic wellbeing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Employing a generalized method of moment for 30 SSA countries: The first paper concerned itself with the role of regulation in the relationship between financial development and inclusive finance. It found a significant positive direct effect of financial development on inclusive finance and a significant positive direct influence of regulation on financial inclusion, but found a significant positive role of regulation in the relationship between financial development and inclusive finance up to a threshold of 6.3354, above which regulation negatively modulates. This suggests that when regulation exceeds that threshold of 6.3354 in SSA, it subsequently hinders the financial sector from rendering enough services that can help improve inclusive finance. Hence, policymakers should always check the mean of their economies' regulations against the threshold of 6.3354 before deciding whether to be more restrictive or not. Also, Paper two sheds light on the collaborative role of innovative facilities and economic freedom in inclusive finance. The study recorded that improving economic freedom promotes financial inclusion while expanding innovative facilities in SSA inhibits it. Again, innovative facilities improve the impact of economic freedom on inclusive finance in SSA but subsequently diminish the effect of economic freedom on inclusive finance after certain thresholds. This implies that in SSA, innovative facilities-induced freedom-inclusive finance is relevant only when it has not covered certain thresholds because undesirable results are revealed after the thresholds. Thus, technical and financial knowledge should be enhanced in addition to lowering the cost of using innovative facilities to access financial services to prevent negative influence after the thresholds. Paper three assessed the complementary role of economic freedom on the influence of inclusive finance on economic wellbeing. The findings revealed that financial inclusion enhances the wellbeing of residents, economic freedom improves the wellbeing of the populace and a free environment maximizes the role of inclusive finance on economic wellbeing in SSA. Hence, less restrictions are recommended to be adopted by policymakers in SSA when it comes to enhancing financial inclusion's influence on economic wellbeing.
Fostering employee innovation through engagement and skills development in the manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe=Ukukhuthaza ukusungulwa kwabasebenzi ngokuxoxisana kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono emkhakheni wezokukhiqiza eZimbabwe.
(2021) Chiboiwa, Malvern Waini.; Qwabe, Bongani Reginald.
The study focused on how employee engagement and skills development can influence employee innovation in the manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. The study was guided by three theoretical perspectives namely the Social Exchange Theory, the Human Capital Theory and the Componential theory. The Social Exchange theory was adopted to explain employee engagement. The Human Capital theory, which emphasises investment in employees, was adopted to explain the concept of skills development whilst the Componential theory guided the concept of employee innovation. The study followed the positivist philosophical world view which provides the framework for the use of the quantitative research approach. The sample size of the study consisted of 335 participants comprising managerial and non managerial employees who were randomly selected. 200 participants responded to the questionnaires distributed by the researcher. The study adopted quantitative techniques of analysing data. Specifically, Structural equation modelling with confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine the relationships between the variable items and the variables themselves. The results of the structural equation modelling showed that there were significant relationships between the variable items and the variable factor. Multiple regression analysis was also performed to determine the impact of the independent (employee engagement and skills development) on the dependent variable (employee innovation). The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that employee engagement and skills development have a significant capacity to predict employee innovation with the resultant model explaining more than fifty per cent of the dependent variable. This, confirmed the viability of the proposed model of the study. Also, the Pearson Product Moment correlation method was used to explain the relationships between the research variables. The results of the Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that both employee engagement and skills development have moderate positive influence on employee innovation. These results of the study are significant in that they have theoretical and managerial implications. The findings represent a meaningful and incremental contribution towards existing literature on employee engagement, skills development and employee innovation by uprooting insights and showcasing the nature of the relationships amongst these variables. The results should assist management in the manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe on how they can improve employee innovation in their organisations. Iqoqa Lolu cwaningo belugxile ekutholeni ukuthi ukusebenza kwabasebenzi kanye nokucijwa kwabo amakhono kungaletha yiphi indlela entsha yokwenza izinto embonini yokukhiqiza eZimbabwe. Lolu cwaningo belulandela izinjulalwazi ezintathu, okuyilezi: injulalwazi ye-Social Exchange, injulalwazi ye-Human Capital nenjulalwazi ye-Component. Injulalwazi ye-Social Exchange isetshenziswe ukuchaza ukusebenza kwabasebenzi. Injulalwazi i-Human Capital, egxile ekubalulekeni kwabasebenzi, yona isetshenziswe ukuchaza ukuthi yini eyenziwayo ukucija amakhono abasebenzi, kanti injulalwazi ye-Component yona isetshenziswe ukubheka indlela entsha yokusebenza kwabasebenzi. Lolu cwaningo belulandela ipharadayimu ye-positivist futhi luwucwaningo oluyikhwalithethivu. Ubungako besampula buveza abahlanganyeli abangama-335 abahlanganisa abasebenzi abasezikhundleni nalabo abangekho ezikhundleni, abakhethwa ngendlela engahlelekile. Abahlanganyeli abangama-200 baphendula uhlu lwemibuzo. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise indlela yekhwantithethivu yokuhlaziya imininingo. Le ndlela ebizwa nge-Structural equation modelling yayihlose ukuhlonza ubuqiniso mayelana nobudlelwane ezintweni ezazicutshungulwa nokucutshungulwa kwazo. Imiphumela ye-Structural equation modelling ikhombise ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwane obukhulu phakathi kwalezi zinto. Kuphinde kwasetshenziswa indlela eyinhlanganisela eyaziwa nge-Multiple regression analysis ukubheka umphumela ozimele (ukusebenza kwabasebenzi nokucijwa kwamakhono abo) nomphumela ongazimele (izindlela ezintsha zokusebenza kwabasebenzi). Indlela yokuhlaziya i-Multiple linear regression iveze ukuthi ukusebenza kwabafundi nokucijwa kwamakhono abo kudlala indima enkulu ekugaguleni ukuthi indlela entsha yokusebenza kwabafundi izoba njani, okuletha incazelo ngemiphumela ezimele ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angamashumi ayisihlanu. Lokhu, kufakazela okuyiyona njulalwazi ephakanyiswe kulolu cwaningo. Kwaphinde kwasetshenziswa indlela ye-Pearson Product Moment ukuchaza ubudlelwane bezinto. Imiphumela yokuhlaziya kwe-Pearson iveza ukuthi kokubili ukusebenza kwabasebenzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono abo kuba nomthelela ekuqhamukeni nezindlela ezintsha zokusebenza kwabasebenzi. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ibalulekile ngoba iveza ukubaluleka kwendlela yokucabanga kanye nendlela yokuphatha. Imiphumela iletha ulwazi olubalulekile nolwengezayo kulolu olukhona mayelana nokusebenza kwabasebenzi, ukucijwa kwamakhono abasebenzi kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokusebenza kwabasebenzi ngokuqhakambisa imibono ephusile kanye nokuthuthukisa ubudlelwane obuhle kulezi zinto. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo kumele ikwazi ukwelekelela abaphathi embonini yokukhiqizwayo ukuthi bazithuthukisa kanjani izindlela ezintsha zokusebenza kwabasebenzi ezinkampanini zabo.
Investigating the role of leadership in managing change at Riskflow Group: a case of Riskflow Group.
(2018) Musaigwa, Misheck.; Hoque, Muhammad Ehsanul.
Organisational change is a sophisticated and challenging process and as a result, many organisations that embark on change initiatives fail to achieve their intended goals, and sometimes change also lead to significant costs which undermine its benefits. However, despite these challenges, it is becoming increasingly important for organisations to embrace change for their survival and success owing to the dynamic and rapidly changing business environment. The aim of this research is to investigate the role of leadership in managing change at Riskflow Group. The study deployed a qualitative approach and drew a sample of 10 participants who are department managers, and these candidates perform managerial and leadership responsibilities. The study deployed a purposive sampling and used a thematic analysis to analyse the data. Change management has received a significant attention in the past and similarly, leadership concept has also been extensively studied in various disciplines, but there is little empirical evidence that discusses the tasks or the role of leadership in managing change. In addition, most of the research on change management has focused more on employee resistance to change, employee reaction to change and the psychological effect and emotions caused by change. This study is therefore attempting to respond to the leadership aspect in change management which has not received much attention. The study further seeks to determine the effect of leadership in the change management process and further examine how leadership can effectively implement change initiatives. To provide a deeper understanding, the research discusses different change models that have been advocated for and that are also widely used both by other researchers and by many organisations. Additionally, this research evaluate the different leadership styles which include among others transformational leadership, servant leadership and transactional leadership. The findings of the study suggested that leadership plays a fundamental role in change management and the leadership roles that were established includes, motivating employees, creating a vision for change, communicating change, planning for change, creating a conducive environment for change, getting employee’s buy-in and leading by example as role models. The study recommended that to address the challenges of managing change in organisations in the new economy authentic leadership is an alternative approach.
Investor overconfidence under the adaptive markets hypothesis in selected African stock markets.
(2023) Nyasha, Jameson.; Muzindutsi, Paul-Francois.; Olarewaju, Odunayo Magret.; Muguto, Lorraine.
Meticulous empirical research remains to determine whether the Adaptive Markets Hypothesis (AMH) or the more widely known Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) better explains investor overconfidence and stock return volatility behaviour. Investor overconfidence is vital in understanding why investment strategies are pursued so aggressively, leading to excessive market trading. It is often argued that the investor overconfidence bias makes markets less efficient because it creates pricing errors in extreme volatility and overestimates investors’ beliefs in the accuracy of their forecasts of their quotes on prices. This research analyses the effect of investor overconfidence on the volatility of stock market returns according to the AMH in seven African stock markets, including the Casablanca Stock Exchange, the Egyptian Exchange, the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, the Nigerian Stock Exchange, the Nairobi Stock Exchange, the Ghana Stock Exchange, and the Stock Exchange of Mauritius. The sample period includes secondary time series data from January 2005 to December 2019. The first goal was to develop and validate a measure of investor overconfidence. The second objective was to compare different levels of investor overconfidence in the selected African stock markets. The third objective was to evaluate the influence of investor overconfidence on the volatility of stock market return under changing market conditions, as described by the AMH. The estimation methods included the Generalised Methods of Moments dummy regression, regime-switching VAR models and rolling GARCH models, which are GARCH, EGARCH and TARCH. The results show that high investor overconfidence is more associated with bullish markets than periods of financial crises and bearish markets. The results also imply that it is not advisable to generalise the impact of market conditions on investor overconfidence across all the markets. Additionally, rolling GARCH estimates demonstrated that patterns of investor overconfidence evolve, consistent with the AMH. Assessing investor overconfidence under the AMH framework offers a stronger image of the adaptive behaviour of the Afri can equity markets. This research adds to existing knowledge in numerous ways. Foremost, it provides a standard measure of investor overconfidence in Africa’s equity markets. A measure that combines multiple proxies into a single index and neutralizes the disadvantages of each proxy when used separately to estimate investor overconfidence. Second, it provides a timely contribution to the effect of investor overconfidence on stock return volatility in African equity markets under the AMH paradigm. Third, according to the AMH, investor confidence is not vi static and can appear under specific market conditions and disappear under others. This bias occurs and disappears as market conditions change in the chosen African equity exchanges. This also shows that investor overconfidence is normal, changes over time and is adaptable in the African stock markets. Consequently, this study brings a new perspective regarding investor overconfidence and market efficiency in the face of the AMH paradigm. The results also have important implications for investors and brokers wishing to develop appropriate trading strategies. This study is also helpful for policymakers as they need to be wary about investor overconfidence impact on market momentum in periods of market expansion. This study argues that investor overconfidence in African stock markets conforms to the AMH than the EMH and the BF.
Leadership coaching in a multigenerational workforce – a case in the engineering sector.
(2023) Strickland, Michelle Eunice.; Martins, Ana Maria De Azevedo.
In the current volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous environment, the case in this study, an engineering consulting organisation based in KwaZulu-Natal, has found itself navigating the COVID-19 pandemic, the Fifth Industrial Revolution, and a multigenerational workforce. Faced with these dynamic shifts, leadership has needed to cope with the various impacts. Intrinsically, leaders have needed to be aware of themselves, of their strengths, opportunities, and challenges that could be associated with these different contextual shifts. Furthermore, the leadership team has been required to cultivate a robust pipeline of future leaders from a multigenerational team. The purpose of the study was to explore leadership coaching readiness to harness new leadership skills, which would enable leaders to improve on their emotional intelligence skills in order to bridge generational gaps. The research was underpinned by a qualitative exploratory research methodology using participatory action research. The strategy was to use a case study with a phenomenological philosophy. Through purposive sampling and use of primary data collection methods, namely, interviews, focus groups, and observations, the objectives were met. Desktop research was conducted to review the extant literature. The thematic analysis tool, NVivo, was used and triangulation of the data sets was implemented. A specific leadership coaching model, crafted for the organisation being studied, included an emotional intelligence element, which resulted in an innovative approach to accelerate the development of future leadership in a multigenerational workforce and which also contributes to the existing body of knowledge. The study highlighted that the expression and appraisal of emotions, use of emotions in decision-making, knowledge of emotions, and management of moods or emotions are critical aspects of emotional intelligence, and, if brought into a coaching intervention, can benefit the leadership and organisation. The recommendations are: the addition of a mentoring element; team coaching interventions to bring the multigenerational workforce together in order to build on relationships; and developing an understanding of the learning gained to ensure the transference of skills to the younger generation, thereby enabling them to work toward professional registration. These recommendations would enhance employee engagement and retention.
Liability for injuries to seafarers: a critical analysis of the extent of shipowner liability under the Maritime Labour Convention.
(2022) Joseph, Mikaela Jauden.; Lamb, Deepa.
The main aim of this dissertation is to determine whether the Maritime Labour Convention has been successful in ensuring the fair and equal treatment of seafarers in relation to shipowner liability. This dissertation aims to do this by analysing the national legislation in three different jurisdictions (The United States of America, United Kingdom and South Africa) before the implementation of the Maritime Labour Convention. The national legislation in the respective jurisdictions after the implementation of the Maritime Labour Convention will then be analysed to determine whether or not the Convention has been successful in protecting the rights of injured seafarers and whether they are treated fairly and equally in all three of the respective jurisdictions. The dissertation will comprise of desktop-based research and will make use of comparative research methodology. This dissertation will comprise of five chapters. Chapter one introduces the problem topic and provides the background to the problem. Chapter two examines the MLC, it provides information on the aims of the MLC, how it was developed, the implementation of the MLC and the provisions for shipowner liability in respect of injured seafarers. Chapter 3 examines the history of the national laws in the respective three jurisdictions before the implementation of the MLC and analyses the extent to which an injured seafarers’ rights were protected and where a shipowner’s liability ends. Chapter 4 examines the national laws in the respective three jurisdictions after the implementation of the MLC and analyses the extent to which an injured seafarers’ rights are now protected and examines exactly where a shipowner’s liability ends. Chapter 5 concludes the dissertation. It restates the key research questions and the resulting conclusions. After analysing the national legislation in the abovementioned jurisdictions, it is evident that the domestic legislation protecting seafarers, even prior to the implementation of the MLC in these jurisdictions, already extensively protected seafarers employed on board vessels registered in the UK and SA. The MLC will however have a substantial effect on the ability of port authorities in member states to inspect and take action against owners of substandard vessels. The MLC is not above criticism and its shortfalls have become apparent in the crew change crisis during the Covid-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, the MLC is still a great step forward in the consolidation and harmonisation of compliance and inspection procedures followed by flag states and port authorities, thus increasing the protection and enforcement of seafarers’ rights.
Management practices and implementation of strategic planning among small businesses in Ghana.
(2023) Eshun, Egya Gyanzah.; Naidoo, Vannie.
Abstract This study focused on the management practices applicable and the extent of strategic planning among small firms in Ghana in order to propose measures for effective management of small firms. The research was conducted in the Kumasi metropolitan area of Ghana. The Pragmatic research philosophy was adopted for the research. The research respondents were small business owners/managers in Kumasi, Ghana. The study used mixed methods approach in data collection. Through this approach numerical data was gathered through the administration of questionnaire as also qualitative data was gathered through interviewing of selected small business owners/managers. The quota sampling method was applied to identify the sample of 500 small firms and the purposive sampling procedure was used to choose 10 small firm owners/managers to be interviewed. The quantitative data gathered in the research were analyzed applying the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21, whilst Content Analysis was applied for the qualitative data.The key findings identified in the study were that small businesses in Ghana have limited management skills and also some specific management practices were found to be significantly linked to various dimensions of growth of small businesses as well as competitive advantages enjoyed by small businesses.From the proposed framework developed for the effective management of small businesses it has been established that all the four categories of management practices studied, with the exception of operation-efficiency-focused management practices are significantly associated with the growth of the firm.Also all the four categories of management practices were found to be significantly associated with competitive advantages enjoyed by small businesses in Ghana. The study recommendations include improving the management capacity of small businesses in Ghana, especially in the area of strategic planning and also effectively resourcing and coordinating small business support institutions in Ghana to provide world class and seamless service to small businesses in Ghana. The study has also proposed measures for effective management of small businesses in Ghana so that they can perform their role as the prime mover of Ghana’s economy. Iqoqa Lolu cwaningo lwalubheka izindlela zokuphatha okuyizona kanye nokuthi imihlangano yokuhlonza inqubo yamafemu amancane eGhana ihamba kanjani ukuze aphathwe ngendlela efanele. Lolu cwaningo lwaqhutshwa kuMasipala weKumasi eGhana. Indlela yocwaningo ebheka ukusebenza kahle kwento yiyona eyalandelwa kulolu cwaningo. Abahlanganyeli bocwaningo ngosomabhizinisi nabaphathi bamabhizinisi eKumasi, eGhana. Lolu cwaningo lwasebenzisa indlela exubile yokukhiqiza imininingo. Ngale ndlela, imininingo eyizinombolo yakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa uhlakasikwele lwemibuzo kanti imininingo yekhwalithethivu yona yakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa inhlolovo nabahlanganyeli abangosomabhizinisi abancane nabaphathi bamabhizinisi. Indlela yokuqoka ngokungenhloso yasetshenziswa ukuthola amafemu amancane angama-500 kwase kusetshenziswa indlela yokuqoka ngenhloso ukuqoka abahlanganyeli abangosomabhizinisi abancane nabaphathi bamabhizinisi abayi-10 ababezohlatshwa ngemibuzo yenhlolovo. Imininingo yekhwantithethivu ihlaziywe kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlaziya, iStatistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ka-21, kwathi indlela yokuhlaziya ngokwengqikithi, iContent Analysis yona yasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya imininingo yekhwalithethivu. Imiphumela ebalulekile eyavela kulolu cwaningo ukuthi amabhizinisi amancane antula amava kwezokuphathwa kwawo kanti ezinye zezindlela zokukuphatha zinakho ukuletha ukukhula kwamabhizinisi amancane nokuwenza akwazi ukumelana nezimo zamabhizinisi amancane eGhana. Kule ndlela yokuphatha ngokuyikho amabhizinisi amancane, kuvelile ukuthi zozine izindlela zokuphatha amabhizinisi amancane, ngaphandle kwale ebheka indlela yokwenza izinto ngokuyikho, zonke zinakho ukwenza amabhizinisi amancane akhule. Zozine lezi zindlela zokuphatha amabhizinisi zatholakala zikwazi ukwenza amabhizinisi amancane akwazi ukumelana nezimo zamabhizinisi amancane eGhana. Lolu cwaningo luphakamisa ukuba kuthuthukiswe indlela yokuphathwa kwamabhizinisi amancane eGhana, ikhakhulukazi ekuhleweni kwamasu okulawula inkampani kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezidingo zokusebenza nokunikeza ukwesekwa kwezinhlaka zamabhizinisi ukuze iGhana ikwazi ukunikeza izidingo ezisezingeni lomhlaba kwezamabhizinisi amancane. Lolu cwaningo lunikezela ngamasu okwenza amabhizinisi amancane aphathwe kahle njengoba kuyiwona aphethe umcebo wezwe laseGhana kwezamabhizinisi.
Organisational learning during the restructuring of a finance-based organisation.
(2022) Mbatha, Nokukhanya Nolwazi Charlotte.; Ruggunan, Shaun Denvor.
Restructuring has become a popular practice for improving organisational performance. Despite the fact that rebuilding is becoming progressively more essential as a standard managerial strategy in organisations, its effectiveness in increasing organisational efficiency remains unknown. Typically, restructuring aims to improve organisational performance by lowering costs, increasing competitive advantage and increasing productivity. In some cases, restructuring has proven to be effective in achieving these goals. However, an increasing number of studies appear to suggest that restructuring results in irrelevant enhancements and, in some cases, a decrease in organisational performance. The study’s main goal was to comprehend the employee experience of organisational restructuring at a finance-based organisation in Sandton, South Africa. Data were gathered using a qualitative research method. The study’s 12 participants were chosen using non- probability sampling. In-depth interviews were used as the data collection instrument. Senge’s Fifth Discipline theory has been used in the study to explain the way in which individuals respond to change. The sample comprised 12 individuals employed by the organisation under study. The in-depth interviews covered various aspects, including biographical information of the respondents, team learning, personal mastery and systems thinking, as well as shared vision. A pilot study was undertaken to ensure the reliability and validity of the research instrument. The study was guided by the following research questions: 1. How did team learning occur during the restructuring process? 2. How did personal mastery occur during the restructuring process? 3. How did systems thinking evolve during the restructuring process? 4. In what ways did systems thinking occur during the restructuring process? 5. To what extent was a shared vision achieved as a result of the restructuring process? The findings of this study revealed that restructuring did affect staff working in the organisation under study. Most of them did not have an issue with transformation per se; however, they were concerned about the way in which it was being implemented at the organisation. The majority of them believed that to achieve transformational goals, the organisation’s leadership should have considered the fundamental requirements of properly evolving systems thinking and taking personal mastery into account. Furthermore, participants confirmed that “unplanned change” was happening too quickly. This, they believed, contributed to a state of confusion, doubt and disorganization. To summarise, broad consultation, active communication, a strong human resource team and a shared vision are required for effective organisational restructuring.

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