Browsing by Author "Mtapuri, Oliver."

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A quantitative analysis of public attitudes towards the fourth industrial revolution: an integrated technology adoption model in South Africa.
(2024) Mthombeni, Zama Mabel.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
The impact of technology on society is a multifaceted and intricate issue in a rapidly changing world of constant technological advancements. The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has sparked a growing debate regarding its potential opportunities and challenges for various societies. While robots have been utilized for over 50 years in previous industrial revolutions, their recent integration into domestic and different work environments through the 4IR is a modern development. Social robots are now deployed to perform tasks that were previously performed by humans and are used in scenarios where they must interact with people. Despite the significance of these changes for human development, there has been limited research on public attitudes towards such advancements of the 4IR in South Africa. This study investigated the relationship between micro-level sociological characteristics and attitudes towards the 4IR using survey data from the South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) among a sample of adult respondents (n=2736) in South Africa. The study adopted a positivist paradigm and a quantitative approach and sought to contribute to the understanding of public perceptions of the 4IR in South Africa. Existing attitudinal adoption models were reviewed, and the study used these to develop an integrated framework that harmonized these theories. This framework incorporated a dimension of micro-sociological indicators and categorized attitudes into two distinct categories. The use of micro-sociological indicators in the technology adoption model was an important approach that allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of public attitudes towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) in South Africa at the micro-level. Unlike traditional adoption models that focus solely on macro-level factors such as economic and institutional conditions, micro-sociological indicators consider individual-level characteristics such as race, social class, knowledge, age, and gender. . The study findings revealed a distinct social class effect, highlighting heightened scepticism toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) among individuals in lower social classes, those with worker vulnerability, and those lacking internet access. A crucial recommendation is to challenge the prevailing narrative of elitism linked to technological progress and emphasizes targeted investments in historically marginalized communities. South Africa can learn from the experiences of other nations and consider implementing comprehensive strategies involving policy interventions, public-private partnerships, and social initiatives. Exploring the feasibility of universal basic income as a social safety net would be prudent, aligning with global trends in addressing the socio-economic impact of automation and technological advancements.
An analysis of water conservation education methods and practices and their effect on water usage in the case of Durban’s eThekwini municipality.
(2017) Solis-Maart, Eliza.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
This study focuses on water conservation and awareness, through the use of water education. The eThekwini Municipality of Durban, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, is the location chosen for observation, due to the long history of the Municipality’s Department of Water and Sanitation involvement in South Africa’s water policies. The study of water education is examined under the conceptual framework of Sustainable Development, which is then further supported by the Education for Sustainable Development framework. Water education is understood as: 1) the water cycle, 2) sources of water, 3) human consumption and different users of water, 4) domestic uses of water and, 5) water used on a large scale (Middlestadt et al., 2001). By understanding these key concepts, the cognitive, asset-based, and participatory development approaches are assessed to determine if they are being implemented to teach water education within eThekwini, and if they can be further applied to enhance current water education practices. Data was collected as part of a qualitative study method, through literature review and one-on-one semi-structured interviews. Interviewees address how education plays a role in environmental outreach projects, how the three development approaches are being used, and how water education can be enhanced. Through content analysis, factors such as class, wealth, and accessibility were discovered to impose on many residents’ ability to engage in water conservation efforts. Within the formal education system, water education seems to be more prominent throughout primary education, with more inclusive and engaging approaches. Little water education seems to be provided in secondary education, and if done the approaches used are more outcome-based rather than inclusive or interactive approaches. Interviewees found more inclusive, engaging, and active methods to be most successful when implementing water education. Water education can be enhanced through the use of the cognitive and participatory approaches; through formal education students are not encouraged to engage or participate and are therefore not strongly connected to the subject matter. As a result, students are not internalizing the information. The asset-based approach includes open discussions and an understanding of the local assets that are being impacted; this approach is therefore also recommended for further use.
Are endogenous organisation development approaches relevant in enhancing the performance of automotive firms in south Africa? an examination of the experience of selected Durban-based firms.
(2017) Mkhize, Asimbonge Hlengiwe.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
Automotive manufacturing is one of the most important manufacturing sectors in South Africa and globally. This study sought to identify the different endogenous Organisational Development approaches that Durban-based automotive manufacturing firms developed to address exogenous and endogenous challenges. The study was conducted using the Qualitative Research approach, the study was exploratory and used an interpretivist paradigm to analyse the subjective data. In-depth interviews were conducted following the identification of 12 respondents using purposive sampling. These were individuals from automotive manufacturing organisation representatives, organisational development practitioners, organisational development agencies, academia and government agency representatives. The findings indicate that Durban-based organisational development firms have developed endogenous OD approaches to address internal challenges and to enhance their competitiveness. There has been a positive shift with the close relationship between government, academia and business enabling the development of instrumental policies. The use of OD approaches has had a positive outcome in organisational performance enhancement therefore making OD important in the future and as a policy feature. The landscape of the South African labour market requires organisations to adopt African Management principles. South African automotive manufacturing firms have survived external global pressures through the triple-helix model. This study recommends that to ensure continuous success, this partnership needs to be encouraged and maintained. The promotion of organisations to develop endogenous Organisational Development approaches has seen companies developing local solutions to current local challenges. The study concludes that these OD approaches have allowed the development of new cultures in organisations that encourage and engender innovation, learning and employee motivation. These are the features that organisations require to face any exogenous forces from an ever-changing global environment.
Assessing skills training programmes for the unemployed youth as strategy to reduce poverty and inequality in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal.
(2020) Magwenyana, Xolile Mayvis.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
With the high youth unemployment, poverty and inequality in South Africa, there has been a shift in focus towards skills development. The skills development framework was designed as a measure to reduce these issues, and this has led to the implementation of policies and strategies which guide skills development programmes. These skills training programmes have offered skills to the youth of South Africa and aim to combat unemployment. The study aims to assess how skills training programmes for the unemployed youth are performing as a strategy to reduce poverty and inequality in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal. This was achieved by investigating the perceptions of the unemployed youth regarding skills training programmes implemented by Msunduzi Municipality and understanding the socio-economic impacts of the training programme on the youth. The study adopted a qualitative research methodology where data was collected using ten interviews to get in-depth knowledge. The research was separated into three categories as follows: one ongoing programme, one successful programme, and one transitioned programme. In each of these programmes, three participants were sampled using purposeful and snowball sampling where participants were identified by other participants within the same category, and telephonically interviews were conducted. Etikan, Alkassim, and Abubakar (2016) define snowball sampling methods which can be implemented in hard to research populations. Due to covid and the limitations of training classes, this method was most relevant in achieving the research objectives. Lastly, One participant from the Msunduzi Municipality was also interviewed and responded to the programmes that were being researched. Data collected was audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed to understand the trends. The study found the youth appreciate the initiative by the government, to offer them a skill. Skills training programmes positively affect the youth and gave them hope of getting employment in the future. It was also established that there are significant challenges that threatened the success of the programmes and the future of the youth. These problems include unpaid stipends and the lack of communication and on-the-job placements. It also found that the youth were starting to lose hope in completing their training and finding employment. It can be concluded that proper planning, monitoring, and evaluation of skills are required to ensure that they become a success. The research has recommended that government organisation, private companies, and NGO’s form a partnership to resolve these challenges.
Assessing the role of street traders' organisations in empowering street traders in Durban-CBD.
(2009) Mulume-Oderwa, Chorivu.; Kaye, Sylvia.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
Whether in the rich Western countries, or the Southern Hemisphere developing countries, street trading is a socio-economic phenomenon which provides employment to millions of poor and marginalised communities, allowing them to survive despite socio-economic and political constraints. Well aware that their empowerment cannot come or be initiated except by themselves, they find in organising an empowerment will-power which triggers collective action toward influencing change of institutional practices and processes which often marginalise and put them under unnecessary pressure. In this environment, street traders’ organisations’ role tends to be limited to meeting the direct causes of their current concerns as crises arise and therefore leave in the oblivion deep causes which lead to their marginalisation. Weakened by their constituencies’ economic situation, they often fall into fatalism and often become easy-targets and victims of non-inclusive municipal processes. By organising and building strong organisations they are likely to emancipate themselves from exploitative practices and processes and to claim a share in matters concerning their interests as equal stakeholders without any discrimination or exploitation but for the sake of empowering disadvantaged communities. Therefore the choice of this study was instructed by the feeling that empowered street traders’ organisations in Durban-CBD can play a major role towards the integration of street traders in the city socio-economic framework.
Attitudes and experiences towards state provided health services in the case of Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal.
(2020) Goba, Thabisile Peaceworth.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
This study investigated the attitudes and lived experiences of the community of Inanda towards state provided health services. The study included an investigation of how the attitudes and lived experiences impact on the individuals’ inclination towards the utilization of public health services. A mixed method approach was adopted for this research to enable an in-depth exploration of the attitudes and lived experiences of the community of Inanda towards state provided health services. A survey, conducted through an electronically administered questionnaire, which focused on individuals’ attitudes towards their experiences when accessing health services, was sent to 50 participants from Inanda. Furthermore, 10 in-depth interviews which were conducted telephonically provided elaborate details of individuals’ experiences at the health facilities, and how those experiences shape their attitudes towards health services. Data collected in the survey were analyzed using the google forms built in analyzing tool, as well as the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The results were presented in the form of graphs and narratives. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The interview recordings were transcribed and then coded for the identification of themes and codes. The study found out that participants had easy access to public health facilities, most of them being able to walk to the facility. It was established that the public health system is faced with a multitude of challenges which impact on the individuals’ attitudes towards them. These include a lack of resources, a lack of poor work ethics among the staff at the facility which includes verbal abuse and humiliation of patients and others. It can be concluded that health services available at public health facilities are substandard and result in negative attitudes among patients. It is recommended that government strives to improve communication at its facilities which will improve patient knowledge. It is also recommended that the government put in place consequence management to address issues of unethical conduct from staff member. The study serves to provide evidence of the challenges encountered by individuals whilst utilizing the public health services. It contributes towards the formulation of policies which aim to improve the efficiency of services in this sector and, ensuring the provision of streamlined services.
Community-based activism and local content development: the case of platinum mining communities in Zimbabwe.
(2020) Gumbo, Tinashe.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
Through examination of community-based activism on local content development (LCD), the study considers the applicability of the “double movement” theory of Karl Polanyi (1944) against the ongoing neoliberal agenda favoured by the multinational mining companies (MNCs) in Zimbabwe. Karl Polanyi (1944:136) observed that the attempts to “dis-embed” the market from social controls in the 19th and early 20th centuries (market liberalisation) led to what he called “double movements” (countermovement). The countermovement were meant to “re-embed” the market within social constraints with the state’s facilitatory and regulatory role being guaranteed. Activism emerged in the target areas pushing for mining companies to promote LDC in the platinum sector. However, the activism was not fully supported by the state through relevant policies and laws. Thus, the researcher uses Polanyi (1994)’s “double movement” theory in explaining the activism, its dynamics, strategies employed and outcomes. The study argues that the local communities fail to maximise mining opportunities due to lack of an appropriate legislative and policy framework on LCD. Without a proper governing framework and clear quantitative and qualitative measurable targets on LCD, it is not possible to regulate and monitor the activities of foreign firms’ community activists. Mining firms are also not obliged to fulfil corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes. Yet, local communities are directly affected by social and environmental impacts of mining. Conflicts also arise between the government and local communities, where the latter expect the former to protect citizens’ interests. This is a qualitative research that utilised participant observation (42 events observed), key informant interviews (44 key informants interviewed) and documentary search while the quantitative data was engaged with regards to statistics from the mining companies on employment and local spending issues. Through cross case analysis, the researcher noted the critical similarities and differences in activism patterns among the three sites. The researcher found that LCD and CSR are different but are practically linked hence the need to simultaneously address them in the country’s policy and legislative mining frameworks. The researcher proposes an LCD-CSR model which shows the key variables in the LCD discourse in Zimbabwe’s mining sector, linking LCD, CSR, politics (policies and laws), community activism and engagement processes as way of strengthening community activism on LCD matters.
Coping with political corporatism: state-international non-governmental organisation relations in post-2000 Zimbabwe.
(2021) Ntini, Edmore.; Sooryamoorthy, Radhamany.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
This thesis focuses on the relations between International Non-governmental Organisations (INGOs) and the State in post-2000 Zimbabwe (2000–2009). This was an epoch depicting the democratisation process as posing a threat to the reign of Robert Gabriel Mugabe since 1980. My thesis is that in post-2000 Zimbabwe, INGOs and the State co-existed in a dichotomy where they needed each other. The aim of the study is to describe the nature of INGO-State relations in post-2000 Zimbabwe and construct an explanatory theoretical framework. The study is guided by the main research question: How have INGOs coped with political corporatism in the post-2000 Zimbabwe period? The study focuses on the nature of political repression directed at the INGOs by the post-2000 Zimbabwe and how the INGOs coped with the hostile political environment in fulfilling their mandate. The setting of the study is post-2000, a time when Zimbabwe was characterised by a severe economic meltdown, political contestation and political violence. The study employs two theoretical frameworks, namely Michael Foucault’s theory of governmentality and Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of the State. The study is philosophically grounded in the interpretivist paradigm and adopts a case study design and a qualitative research approach. Purposeful and snowballing sampling techniques were used complementarily to access willing participants. The sample consisted of 21 informants from INGO officials and State officials. From the INGOs, five participants were engaged in humanitarian organisations while five were engaged in developmental INGOs. Eleven participants were evenly spread among five government departments. The semi-structured interview was used as the major instrument of data collection augmented by document analysis of the Private Voluntary Organisations’ Act (2002) and the NGO Bill (2004) and other statutory instruments regulating the operations of INGOs in post-2000 Zimbabwe. The study finds that from 2000 onwards, the State in Zimbabwe used its governmentalities and capital to effect political corporatism or repression against INGOs. The co-existence of INGOs and the State was characterised by antagonism and mistrust although they concomitantly needed each other. Political corporatism became the instrument for controlling INGOs, political ideology and political dissent. Confronted with dilemmas, INGOs had to adopt coping strategies in post-2000 Zimbabwe. The study advances the theory of expedience in explaining the nature of INGO–State relations in post-2000 Zimbabwe as its major contribution to knowledge on INGO–State relations. The theory of expedience posits that both parties to a conflict need each other on one hand and are in bitter rivalry on the other hand. The pendulum of power swings between political power and the power of resources. The study recommends the removal of hindrances to enhance the smooth operations of INGOs such as limiting the powers of the executive directors and ministers as enshrined in the NGO Bill (2004) and PVO Act (2002), repealing repressive laws, and freeing the airwaves and the media as a way of fostering the democratic participation of organisations and citizens. Democratic participation helps to cultivate mutual trust and confidence. The respect for human rights and rule of law cannot be over-emphasised.
Corporate social responsibility, community participation and development in mining sector of North-Western Tanzania.
(2021) Yahaya, Nawanda.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
The study on which this thesis is based investigated the practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR), community participation and development in the mining sector of North-western Tanzania and focused on Geita Gold Mine (GGM) in Geita District. The study employed the pragmatic approach, supported by the mixed-methods approach. The sources of data collected for this study were divided into primary and secondary sources. The primary sources include focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and a semi-structured questionnaire. Ten focus group discussions were conducted in the five selected wards of Mtakuja, Mgusu, Kalangalala and Bombambili of Geita Town Council and Nyamwilolelwa of Geita District Council. A total of 200 questionnaire copies were distributed to the respondents from the five selected wards. Moreover, 20 in-depth interviews were conducted with different groups that included GGM officials, civil society, academics and Government officials in both the central and local Government. The study was informed by the utilitarian, managerial, relational, classical and stakeholder theories developed in Western countries and related to the Tanzanian context to ascertain the differences that prevail in the various social and cultural settings. The study findings revealed that GGM’s contribution to development and poverty reduction is insignificant, and that very few CSR projects had made a significant impact on the Geita community. The findings of the study further revealed that most participants were not impressed by the involvement of GGM in development or community-based projects, as GGM’s intervention in several CSR projects in Geita District, and the impact of its contribution was minimal. It was also found that very few CSR projects had a positive impact on the community. Overall, the study concluded that the company implements most of the CSR projects without fully involving the Government (respective councils). Therefore, a gulf exists between GGM and the Government. Thus, to improve CSR practice in Tanzania, the study proposes several measures to address existing weaknesses, including involvement of stakeholders, existence of transparency and accountability and ensuring that Multinational Corporations (MNCs) execute CSR according to the stipulated laws and policies. In theorizing, this study makes a number of hypotheses. It posits that CSR follows five perspectives, namely, organizational perspective, political perspective, value perspective, community perspective and the social perspective. For instance, the Organizational perspective says that for CSR to work, the organization to undertake CSR must have the capacity, resources, structures and systems that support CSR. These are some of key contributions to knowledge.
A critical analysis of self-built housing as a model for peri-urban areas: the case of uMzinyathi, KwaZulu-Natal.
(2019) Dhlamini, Sifiso Simphiwe.; Mtapuri, Oliver.; Loggia, Claudia.
The world is rapidly urbanizing and irrepressibly so. Since the late 1950s, urbanization has had a tremendous effect on developing countries globally, at varying rates of change where some have experienced more rapid urbanization than others. Today, cities host a lion’s share of the world population. The rapid urban expansion and densification of peri-urban areas have heightened the urge to address the prevailing issue of inadequate housing experienced by the majority of developing countries globally. For centuries, houses have been built by people themselves, which served as a measure to access, protect and secure adequate housing. It is not until recent times that other external actors have begun to be consulted about the planning, design, construction, and overall management of the housing production process. Nowadays, trends of good quality self-built houses by owners have rapidly emerged in peri-urban areas. The aim of this research was to critically analyse self-built housing as a model for peri-urban areas focusing on uMzinyathi located within eThekwini Municipality. The Rapid Urban Growth Triad (RUGT) and Turner’s theory of ‘Self-Help’ theoretical frameworks underpinned and formed the basis of understanding for the study. In addition, qualitative research methodology was adopted, and primary information was gathered mainly through observation and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 16 participants from uMzinyathi. The study found that the rapid movement of people to uMzinyathi was influenced by factors like access to affordable land for housing development, transportation systems, basic services, close proximity to the city and closeness to Ebuhle the Nazareth place of worship. In addition, self-building enabled the liberty to build incrementally within people’s means and without any pressure to follow building specifications. It was indicated that the houses that were self-built profusely met household needs; to some degree,it was the most cost-effective approach. A thematic content analysis was used to examine all research findings of the study. The study envisaged informing further research on self-building in other peri-urban areas. It was recommended that a decongestion strategy be established to better manage rapid urban expansion. In addition, establish a self-builders association that will help protect the rights of local self-builders. The traditional authorities should be more knowledgeable and understand the local municipalities’ future prospects of development. The local government, private sector, NGOs and academia should collaborate in developing skills including knowledge of households to enhance their capacity in the self-build housing process. Public and private actors to also avail development finance or credit to households.
A critical assessment of the experiences of Nigerian migrants resident in Durban, South Africa.
(2018) Ayantokun, Ayandeji Sunday.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
International migration is on the rise. Propelled by political conflict, economic crises, environmental challenges and infrastructure collapse in many countries, people are resorting to migration as a survival strategy and to seek peace and stability. The dwindling numbers of Nigerians in the South and less developed regions is related to harsh economic realities and social upheaval. Post-apartheid South Africa has continued to witness an influx of migrants from Southern African Development Community (SADC) and non-SADC countries, including Nigerians. Using a sample of 20 Nigerian migrants living in South Africa in the city of Durban, this study sought to critically assess their experiences before, during and after their migration. It focussed on the factors that influenced their migration, travel routes, and the socio-economic costs of migration as well as their lived experiences. A qualitative approach was employed and purposive and snowball sampling was used to select the sample, while data were collected by means of in-depth interviews. The findings revealed that economic and educational factors were the major reason for migration to South Africa. South Africa was the chosen destination because of the lower cost of migration and less difficulty in securing residence permits or tourist visas compared with Western countries. Durban was a favoured destination city due to the availability of economic opportunities and post-graduate scholarships at universities. The majority of the study participants arrived in the country via O.R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg, while a few others entered from neighbouring countries where they were previously located. Those with scarce skills were able to secure employment with public and private institutions while others established themselves in the informal sector where they engage in different economic activities. The latter identified a lack of capital and exorbitant rent as major challenges. The study participants had integrated into local communities to some extent and had assimilated some aspects of local culture but expressed resentment towards South Africans. While they did not set a definite time when they would leave the country, they plan to migrate to countries in the West or to return to Nigeria once they have saved enough money. Even though they professed to be living a better life than in Nigeria they were not willing to recommend South Africa to compatriots seeking to leave their home country. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the South African government and non-governmental organisations raise awareness of the need for peaceful coexistence with migrants. It also recommends that credit should be extended to migrants that have proven themselves as entrepreneurs as this will create job opportunities and assist in mitigating the social ills confronting South Africa. Finally, the Nigerian Consulate should launch initiatives to highlight the positive impacts of Nigerians resident in South Africa and improve public perceptions of Nigeria.
Developing a poverty index for African economies using the consensual approach : the case of Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe.
(2008) Mtapuri, Oliver.; May, Julian Douglas.
This thesis is articles-based submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It consists of articles that were submitted and published, and others that were submitted and awaiting comments. This thesis makes a contribution to the ongoing debate on the most appropriate method of measuring poverty for interventionist purposes in rural areas. It is infonned by the Zimbabwe experience that income-based measures may not always adequately target those most in need of social support. A new approach is posited that focuses on the nonincome component of poverty. The aim is to assist 'technocrats' to better target the poor in need of a social safety net in crisis situations. The search is for a 'credible' measure that will be acceptable to various interest groups including the poor. Thus the proposed measure derived by means of a consensual approach meets this objective. The literature review describes and discusses the weaknesses of conventional poverty measures, divided into two broad categories of those pre- and post-dating Sen's introduction of the capability concept. The thesis then uses these to explore the conventional approaches (the dominant income measures) and flag their operational deficiencies, and then postulates an asset threshold model, the minimally adequate asset level (MAAL), based on the consensual approach. It also postulates the Poverty Diagnostic Model (PDM) which helps to describe and analyse factors that impact poverty at the individual level and helps in unpacking the linkages between the detenninants of poverty given its multi-dimensionality and how these are conditioned by both internal and external factors. Additionally to the contributions, this thesis posits drawing asset-poverty lines as well as combined asset and income poverty lines as a new contribution to yield asset-based Foster-Greer- Thorbecke (FGT) index, asset-income FGT index, networth FGT index and asset-gini coefficient. It also provides new tools with differentiating capacity to identify those who are either asset poor or income poor or both; as well as those who are 'networth poor', understood as asset-income threshold less debt. It advocates scaling of assets to enable capturing of the asset-holding of the poorest of the poor to fonn intensity scales on which an asset threshold is based. A further contribution of this thesis is the introduction of the notion of enclavity within a family around husband/wife relationships as a new fonn of resilience/collectivity due to deepening poverty. There is evidence to suggest that ethics and networks breakdown as a result of poverty. The final contribution of this thesis is the definition of a poverty line on the basis of an asset threshold using the consensual approach as postulated by Mack and Lansley (1985): thus this thesis posits an asset-by-asset point index.
Ethiopian diaspora in South Africa: typology and policy implications.
(2016) Mengesha, Gashaw Teshome.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
This thesis is the result of a qualitative study conducted in the field of the migration-development-nexus that focused on the Ethiopian diaspora in South Africa and the policy implications thereof. The main objectives were to examine the characteristics of Ethiopian immigrants, with some reflection on their instrument of constituency development, remittances. To achieve these goals, the following questions were set: 1) what are the composition and profile of the Ethiopian diaspora in South Africa? 2) In what ways are the resultant relationships mediated in Ethiopia and South Africa? 3) What typology does the Ethiopian diaspora follow and how does this shape the nature of its remittances; 4) which analytical framework or model of migration can be developed based on the study? 5) How can the study’s findings inform South African policy on migration? The methodology was informed by a critical realist research paradigm, with interpretivist and constructivist tendencies. The approach combined textual research and field work that targeted migrant clusters in two cities, Durban and Rustenburg. These sites were selected for three reasons: availability of diverse participants, anticipation of quality data and the researcher’s familiarity with the study locations. The textual research relied on the relevant literature while the field work employed various techniques to gather primary data. These included interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and non-participatory observation. In total 60 participants volunteered to take part in interviews and three FGDs were held to complement the data gathered from interviews. Employing triangular synchronization between the realities of migration, the behavior of actors, and their public discourses, the study constructed original and distinct meta-analytical categories that can be regarded as extending the boundaries of migration knowledge. The new models are the Police Model, Meteorological Model, and the Ecological Model. Contemporary public and academic migration discourses are dominated by the views of the Police Model held by powerful actors involved in migration policy and action. This study proposes a paradigm shift towards an Ecological Model as the main analytical tool to understand this phenomenon. This is the antithesis to the Police Model. For instance, the Police Model cites conservative cultural factors to resist ‘South-North’ movement of people and encourages ‘North-South’ movement. Moreover, it adopts negative views of migrants as poised to ‘swarm the West’ and consequently advocates for migration control using militarized methods. It has thus perverted ecological views on immigration and remittances as it establishes links between immigrants, terror, drugs, human trafficking, trans-boundary crimes, and so forth. These linkages are contested in the Ecological Model by using the positive multiplier effects of remittances or immigration.
Examining practices and traditions of waste re-use as an alternative feedstock in the poultry industry in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
(2022) Chetty, Karina.; Mtapuri, Oliver.; Kalina, Marc Ronald.
The overarching aim and the purpose of this case study was to examine the practices of the poultry industry’s waste re-use as an alternative feedstock for enhancing the livelihood of Urban Farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In the study, the researcher relied on 13 in-depth interviews which required the participants to share their knowledge and experiences in the poultry industry. Qualitative methodology was used, with thematic analysis to analyze the data. Purposive and snowball sampling was the method of sample selection, and interviews and questionnaires were employed for data collection. A theoretical framework for discussing and studying indigenous knowledge as a theory of communication that fluidly operates within and outside of modernity, was adopted. This discussion is part of a continuance of public conversations on the path of indigenous knowledge in development studies, and communication research. The main findings were that there were many environmental concerns regarding poultry waste. These can be solved by proper waste management systems, which were shown by the different waste management re-use practices that were adopted over the years by the different poultry sectors in South Africa. The other finding was that using poultry by-products as fertilizers in soil proves to have a positive crop yield throughout the year and solves the disposal problems from poultry waste. One of the key conclusions was that poultry does not only serve as a healthy source of protein but is also economical for both farmers and consumers. This study showed that there are more female farmers that are integrated into the poultry farming sector. To minimize the negative impacts brought by the poultry industry, there needs to be proper waste management implementations, as known by the numerous sustainable re-use patterns.
Examining the use of social grants as a means to reduce income poverty: a case study of Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality in KZN.
(2021) Nhlangulela, Sbonelo Kwenzokuhle.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
This research looks at income grants and the extent to which they have helped alleviate poverty in Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality in KZN. Income grants come from government and recipients receive a monthly stipend that helps them cover for basic amenities within their household. The research sought to find out how this scheme is addressing poverty alleviation. The results of this study showed that the recipients were grateful for the social grants and that they played a vital role in their families by helping take care of a number of costs such as basic groceries. The complaints about social grants largely involved the administration of getting the money including the long queues, additional complaints about social grants were from the distances travelled and how social grants made men who did not receive them, in households in which women received social grants. feel more insecure. Although the money for social grants helped cover basic costs of goods, it was not enough to take care of other costs within the household. As such, the money for social grants does not cover household shocks such as major illnesses befalling family members and price increases of basic commodities in South Africa which have meant that the monthly amount that is received from social grants has less buying power.
The experiences of individuals receiving food parcels in KwaDabeka, Durban : a hand out or hand up?
(2016) Benn, Amy Leigh.; Mtapuri, Oliver.; Bracking, Sarah Louise.
The number of people living in poverty and dealing with chronic hunger continues to sit at incredibly high levels across Sub-Saharan Africa. There are a large number of non-governmental organisations working with various groups of people in an attempt to reduce poverty. The aim of this research was to examine the lived experiences of individuals receiving food parcels as part of a non-governmental organisation’s poverty reduction programming. The organisation provides food parcels to a number of families in KwaDabeka, Durban on a monthly basis. The food parcels are meant to act as a starting point for these families to begin to move out of poverty. Drawing on available research on food security, poverty, and strategies for poverty reduction, as well as data collected through interviews with those implementing the programmes, and interviews with a number of the food parcel recipients, the impact of the food parcel programme is explored in this study. The study was qualitative in nature and deployed a constructivist approach which enabled discovering the different and lived realities of those individuals who are participating in the food parcel programme in KwaDabeka. Purposive sampling was used to identify the key individuals and recipients involved in the programme, after which semi-structured interviews were conducted. This study illustrates the ways in which those working to reduce poverty often begin the process with grand dreams or ideas of what they will achieve and more often than not, these ideas are not backed up with concrete plans. Some of the key finding suggest that the food parcels are making the lives of the recipients liveable and ‘better’ and that these parcels have restored their hope in themselves and humanity. They also claimed to have more time to do other chores and activities such socialising, registering and receiving social grants as well as tending their gardens. The findings also suggest that the in order to move people out of poverty, a desire to help or make a difference is of little use unless it is coupled with adequate plans and processes. Further, the findings speak to the literature on the subject, and show that for real and lasting development to occur, it is vital that there is participation from those involved.
Experiences of students facing financial difficulties to access higher Education in the case of the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
(2018) Shange, Nokukhanya Sharon.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
Students from disadvantaged backgrounds experience difficulties when making a transition from their backgrounds into a challenging and diverse multi-cultural education institutions environment. Due to their disadvantaged backgrounds these students are faced with enormous financial challenges that have adverse impacts on their academic performance. They therefore need solid support structures to help them make adjustments to meet the demands of higher education. This study explored experiences of students facing financial difficulties to access Higher Education in the case of the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Using a qualitative approach in collecting data, the study tried to find out the experiences of students and effects of financial problems on academic performance. Economic, ecosystems and social justice framework provided the theoretical underpinning for the study. Economic theory helped the researcher to find out students’ experiences and how they cope. Ecosystems theory helped the researcher to look and understand interaction between individuals and society as a whole because financial difficulties to access Higher education is a social issue that affect individuals, families and societies. Social justice focuses on policy, national and institutional efforts in eliminating the identified financial problems faced by disadvantaged students at tertiary institutions. The tool that was used to collect data were semi-structured interviews which were orally questioning participants to express their views and beliefs of the impacts of financial difficulties in accessing higher education. This enabled the researcher to use an interpretivist paradigm which is qualitative in approach. Qualitative approach provided a descriptive and detailed data about the researched phenomenon. In-depth interviews were done with 15 participants at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (Howard, Westville and PMB campus). Results of the study show that due to financial problems, the students encounter problems such as inability to cope with the high standards of studying as well as difficulty in paying fees and accessing basic needs. Data gathered from the interviews insinuates that financial problems have adverse effects on students’ academic performance, but contrary to the study’s assumptions, and review of secondary data, no correlation could be found between financial need and poor academic performance or outright failure.
An exploration of corporate governance and performance of a state-owned enterprise: case of Eskom.
(2016) Magagula, Hendry Bhazamusi.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
The objectives of the study were to determine elements of corporate governance that impact on performance at Eskom; to evaluate the corporate governance process at Eskom and to establish governance factors that limit performance at Eskom. The data collection instrument used was the self-administered questionnaire, which was targeted at the board of directors, the shareholder and the executive management of Eskom. In-depth interviews were also conducted targeting the executive management. The research applied both qualitative and quantitative methods. The estimations and data analysis were done using the IBM 22 SPSS statistical software. The main tests that were used in the current study are the frequency tables and the one-way ANOVA test. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire/ instrument was tested using the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The quantitative data collected was organized and summarized using descriptive statistical methods such as averages, tables and percentages. In addition, qualitative data was interpreted and directly linked to the relevant research questions. The results obtained were compared with what theory says and some appropriate recommendations were made. The findings reveal that while the board of directors of Eskom accepts the recommendations made by the executive management, it, however, does not implement them. The Eskom shareholders were found to be lacking commitment in the governance processes and the overall running of the business of Eskom. The study also found out that both insider and outside ownership including direct ownership matter for economic performance. It also found out that greater transparency and disclosure leads to a widened investor base and flexible access to capital. The study recommends the revamping of the whole corporate governance process and the recalibration of the balance of power, improving the structure and size of its board of directors as well as to improving the timely disclosure of company information especially financial reports.
Exploring the factors that contribute to shaping the goals, aspirations and resilience of young African females in Kwamashu township, Durban.
(2020) Ntshayintshayi, Nonkululeko Nothando.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
South Africa is one of the most economically unequal societies in the world. In trying to redress the inequalities in the education system, the South African government introduced community schools as an alternative for the provision of quality education to disadvantaged communities. These schools have become reservoirs of hope in shaping the goals, aspirations and resilience of young black females. This study argues that the manner in which young black females are socialised shapes their career goals and aspirations. Its aim is to explore factors that contribute to shaping the goals, aspirations and resilience of young African females in KwaMashu Township, Durban. These include: family structure, culture, gender, role models and the education system. The study adopted a qualitative research approach. Data were collected through the use of semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups with a number of 15- to 17-year-old black female pupils in grade 11 at Sivananda High School in KwaMashu Township, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Drawing on intersectionality theory, the findings show that the goals, aspirations and resilience of young black females are shaped by an interconnection of several social identities, including race and gender. Young black female pupils cited race, culture and gender as some of the main factors that influenced their career goals and aspirations. Most young black females felt that they were disadvantaged and discriminated against in pursuit of their career choices because of prevalent social stereotypes and cultural beliefs. The study recommends that the media has a huge role to play in reorienting the minds of young black females by showing them successful black women who are experts in a range of occupations, especially those traditionally dominated by men. In particular it notes that the focus on entertainment, the media and music as the main fields in which women can succeed, to the exclusion of other fields of activity, can prevent women from pursuing other careers. Similarly, men should pursue careers which are regarded as feminine, thus helping to deconstruct the idea that certain career goals are for men only and others are for women only.
Exploring the role of women in development in the case of Sweetwater, uMgungundlovu District in KwaZulu-Natal.
(2020) Buthelezi, Zinhle Nomawethu.; Mtapuri, Oliver.
The study intends to survey the difficulties that are influencing the local area of Sweetwater with respect to development. The study’s primary focus was on ‘women in development’ by highlighting the intersection of gender and culture that gives inadvertently unequal opportunities amongst the genders. This study explored the role of women in development in the case of Sweetwater, uMgungundlovu District in KwaZulu-Natal. A desktop study was used to analyze the role of women in development. No primary data was collected for this study. Radical feminism theory was used in this study. The objectives of the study are to explore gender roles through a cultural lens in Sweetwater, uMgungundlovu; to examine the opportunities that women encounter in development in the study area; to examine the challenges that women face in development in Sweetwater, uMgungundlovu and to explore the challenges in the land tenure reform program in Sweetwater. Findings indicate that a grassroots movement is required to eliminate the inequalities and social injustice that prevail among gender. The findings show that South Africa has suffered great historical events. However, the researcher believes that despite of all the historical events, culture oppresses women and their role in development. The Msunduzi municipality advocates for a green economy. It is progressing although it still encounters challenges with addressing equality amongst gender. The inequalities affect women the most. The inequalities amongst genders deprive women of an opportunity to enhance their livelihoods. The unity in society would assist in rectifying the injustice against women that took place during the colonial and apartheid era. To promote gender equality; the traditional leaders, communities, and the government should work together to promote sustainable livelihoods to improve their position in society. Women should participate in women empowerment; there should be fair distribution of land and resources and there should be government interventions and Gender equality awareness programs.