School of Nursing & Public Health

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Awareness, attitudes and behaviours regarding HIV voluntary counselling ad testing (VCT) among students of the University of KwaZulu-Natal on Howard College Campus.
(2005) Xing, Ying.; Adejumo, Oluyinka.
This survey was conducted to describe the awareness, attitudes and behaviours regarding HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) among students of the University of KwaZulu-Natal in the Howard College Campus residences. A quantitative descriptive study design and a simple random sampling technique were used in this study. One hundred and seventy - eight students who lived in residences of Howard College Campus voluntarily participated in the study and completed the anonymous questionnaires. The questions in the questionnaire were designed to collect the demographics information of the participants and to address their awareness, attitudes and behaviours regarding VCT. Analysis of findings revealed that the level of awareness of VCT was high among the students. The majority of the participants have heard of VCT before this survey and knew that campus clinic provided VCT service. To students, the two most major sources of VCT information were TV/radio and friends/classmates. A positive attitude towards VCT was found among the students. The participants perceived the benefits and importance of undergoing VCT as well as the value of counselling. Sixteen percent of all participants have received VCT and twenty - two percent intended to go for VCT within the following 6 months. The main reasons cited by students for undergoing VCT included: to know their health status, to recognize the risk to be exposed to HIV, and to seek for information about maintaining health. The main reasons for not seeking VCT were assuming their HIV status negative and unlikely exposure to HIV because they always practised safe sex. A need for VCT information was found in this study. Some barriers to VCT existed, such as perception of negative consequences of uptake of VCT (e.g. HIV - related stigma), low risk perception to HIV infection, and lack of VCT information. The findings suggest that there is a need for communication campaigns at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, to address knowledge gaps, reduction of stigma, and promoting awareness of vulnerability to HIV. The findings of this study could be used to assist to plan HIV prevention programme at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
A comparative analysis of adolescent sexual and reproductive health programmes in two African countries : Ghana and South Africa.
(2007) Shepherd, Joan Hannah Elizabeth Estella.; Adejumo, Oluyinka.
Sex and sexuality issues are still sensitive and controversial subjects despite the growing numbers of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) programmes for adolescents in subSaharan African countries (WHO, 2002; Department ofInternational Development (DFID), 2004). The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the structure and procedural mechanisms adopted by adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) programmes in two African countries. This study also explored the adolescents' perceived usefulness and relevance of these programmes in addressing their SRH needs. The study was conducted in Ghana (West Africa) and South Africa (Southern Africa) as a cross-national study in these two sub-Saharan African countries. A comparative case study design was adopted involving the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data collection and analysis. Snowballing, critical case, and purposive sampling methods were used. A wide range of personnel from both countries including programme directors, managers, nurse/midwives, peer educators and youth counselors (n=48) were interviewed within the context of adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) programmes and adolescents (n=247) participated through client exit surveys and focus group discussions. Records review, document analysis and observation of the facilities were employed through a checklist. A Tri-dimensional conceptual framework adapted from Donabedian (1980) and WHO (2001) for: (1) Structure, (2) Process, and (3) Output of ASRH programmes, guided the study and served as the frame for analysis and comparison. Qualitative data were transcribed and analyzed using framework analysis and quantitative data through use of SPSS Version 13.0. Findings of the study revealed that both Ghana and South Africa have established ASRH structures through development of programmes and policies for young people. They also shared common features related to programme focus and philosophy on ASRH matters. Both countries face several challenges associated with sexuality issues, inadequate human and material resources. Religious, socio-cultural, logistical and structural factors were identified as barriers, which hindered access and use of the facilities. These barriers were found to have a profound influence on programme implementation, achievement of objectives and future development. Adolescents in the two countries are confronted with a range of issues affecting their sexual health and general well-being for which they seek services from ASRH programmes. These programmes in both countries were generally perceived as relevant and important by youth utilizing the facilities. The need for changes in the attitude of service providers, structural layout, logistical improvement and staffing composition was expressed. Despite efforts made, there are still programmatic issues needing attention, for which specific recommendations towards improvement were made on the basis of findings from both countries. Findings from this study have implications for nursing practice, management, education, research and relevant stakeholders involved with adolescent health, including policy makers. Recommendations are made that may contribute to the development of an effective model of "Adolescent-Friendly" programmes in the two countries.
Critical thinking skills development among the diploma nursing students in a case-based curriculum.
(2001) de El-Kantar, Lina Abi Faker.; Adejumo, Oluyinka.
Faculty members in many schools of nursing have been urged to include critical thinking in all aspects of the nursing curriculum. The faculty at the Institutes of Nursing in the United Arab Emirates, have adopted in the academic year I998 a case-based curriculum that teaches nursing courses by using case studies, which represent a terrific and non-threatening method to use to teach and learn either critical thinking skills or clinical decision-making (Robinson, 1998; Glendon and Ulrich, 1992, 1997). The development of critical thinking skills in a case-based curriculum was investigated. A randomly selected, cross-sectional sample of nursing students at the Abu Dhabi Institute of Nursing (N= 88) was studied. Three groups (n=30) from each level of a three-level-diploma nursing program were measured for development of critical thinking skills using the Test of Everyday Reasoning (TER). Relationships were investigated between TER scores, the level of the program and other socio-demographic and academic achievement determinants. Critical thinking ability did not change significantly among the three levels during the educational experience in a case-based curriculum; however, the participants in the highest level of the program were able to get a higher mean TER scores from the other two levels. One of the conclusions that could be drawn from this study was that critical thinking might not change as an associated factor with a case-based curriculum at this premature phase of its implementation until some time after the graduates of this program become practicing nurses where clinical decision-making would be in action. The other conclusions focused on the necessity of unfolding the utilized cases in the curriculum and on determining whether the construct of critical thinking has been incorporated in them.
Development and implementation of a staff development plan for nurses in one district in Zambia based on a learning organization approach.
(2006) Libetwa, Miriam Chilembwe.; Adejumo, Oluyinka.
This study explored the existing planning systems that nurse managers in health institutions in the Lusaka district in Zambia used to plan staff development activities, with a view to developing a model suitable for a staff development plan for all nurses in Zambia. The learning organization and transformational learning theory frameworks were used to guide the study. The learning organization framework was based on Senge (1990), The Fifth Discipline, which addressed five components, namely, systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, building shared vision and team learning. The transformational learning theory framework was based on (Gravette 2000), which addressed the reflective and constructive processes that employees go through during their learning. A survey and action research methods were used to explore the planning systems which nursing managers in the Lusaka district used to plan staff development activities. The total population of nurses designated as nursing managers, registered nurses and enrolled nurses working in the central hospital (734 nurses), in the specialized hospital (128 nurses), and in 31 health centres (980 nurses) in the Lusaka district constituted the target population. Systematic sampling was used to select a total of 614 participants; only 368 nurses returned completely filled questionnaires. A staff development tool jointly developed with the participants also served as a means of generating data for the study. The quantitative data were analyzed according to the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) 11.5 version, using frequencies and percentage distributions. Framework analysis was used to analyze the collected qualitative data. The major findings of the study revealed that nursing staff in the urban district of Lusaka were not using systematic methods based on any known approach in planning staff development activities. Using a learning organization framework, a model of staff development was jointly developed with the participants, as well as a checklist for assessing staff when utilizing the model in a Zambian setting. The study concluded that the developed learning organization model was capable of facilitating the development of culture of lifelong learning among nurses and midwives in Zambia.
HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, sources of information and beliefs of high school students in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
(2002) Mauzi, Mariam.; Adejumo, Oluyinka.
This descriptive survey was carried out to gather information that could be used to assist in the development of an HIV/AIDS educational program as a way to promote adolescents' health and prevent diseases in the United Arab Emirates. The study examines the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and sources of information of high school students in Sharjah city regarding HIV/AIDS. Anonymous questionnaire with five sections: demographics, HIV/AIDS knowledge, sources of information, attitudes and beliefs was administered to 12th grade high school students from four schools in Sharjah. Analysis of findings showed that 87 percent of students knew that AIDS affects the body's immune system and 68 .5 percent knew that it is not inherited .The majority of students were aware of relationship between drug abuse and HIV/AIDS. However, students lacked information in some areas as HIV/AIDS transmission routes. There was generally a negative attitude towards HIV/AIDS infected people. This was shown in students' responses to some statements that AIDS was "a punishment for those infected for their immoral acts". Moreover, students expressed unwillingness to live with HIV/AIDS infected people. Students were positive in applying prevention, facilitating proper treatment for the diseased and believed that HIV/AIDS education in schools is a necessity. Their HIV/AIDS sources of information were mainly from written materials (journals, newspapers and books). It was concluded that, generally, students in this study had a good knowledge, and some positive attitudes about AIDS. However, the concerns they expressed in relation to their fears of sharing, or living with HIV/AIDS infected individuals, and some of their beliefs, need to be addressed more in the education prevention programs. Students need to be more knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS prevention. They indicated desires for more knowledge, especially as they become aware of the increasing risk of HIV/AIDS among adolescents in the Emirates.
Knowledge and practices of smoking among students of the University of Natal on Durban campus residences.
(2001) Kamanzi, Desire G.; Adejumo, Oluyinka.
The Health Belief Model developed by Becker ( 1984) cited in Katzenellenbogen et al. ( 1999) guided this study. The model attempts to identify beliefs and the way they may interact to influence individuals' conscious decisions to undertake certain healthrelated actions. "The most important health beliefs that influence actions are thought to be: • The person's perceived vulnerability to a particular condition or illness, • The person' s perceptions of the severity or effects of the condition or illness, • The Person's perception of the efficacy, costs, and benefits of any proposed actions" (Katzenellenbogen, joubert & Karim, 1999: 169). The three points mentioned above guided systematically the whole study as follows: 1. The students' perceived vulnerability to a particular cond ition or illness in this case guided the researcher to describe and to understand students' personal perceptions of the risk of diseases they run by smoking or that they can cause to other people in their surroundings. It was also necessary to find out whether or not non-smokers were aware of the consequences in terms of diseases of being permanently exposed to tobacco smoke. 2. Once smokers as well as non-smokers have agreed that smoking increases the risk of diseases, the following step was to ensure whether or not they continue to neglect and run the same risk. because smoking consequences occur only after a long period of time. 3. The last step was to ensure that students who smoked could actually accept and put into practices some available strategies for giving up smoking. after being sensitised or on their own initiative, in order to remain in good health.
Maternity care in KwaZulu-Natal : towards a grounded theory of adolescent-friendly maternity services.
(2005) Chetty, Ravani.; Adejumo, Oluyinka.
The issue of adolescent health has steadily grown momentum with people realizing the vulnerability ofthis sector ofthe world's population. Within the South African context, the tide had also turned. However, most initiatives aimed at the prevention of problems, one of which was adolescent pregnancy. Extant literature revealed that despite efforts to reduce adolescent pregnancy, adolescent fertility rate in SubSaharan Africa remained on the rise. As such, the need for appropriate maternity services for this group became a concern, as extant literature also revealed the costly long term effects to pregnant and parenting adolescents, as well as society as a whole. Within KwaZulu-Natal pregnant and parenting adolescents use the same maternity services as their adult counterparts. It was not clear if these services were appropriate to the needs of these clients. As such, a Glaser Grounded Theory approach was used to explore the maternity services from the points of view of the various stakeholder groups. Data was collected, using theoretical sampling, by means of semi-structured interviews and focus group interviews. Constructs of adolescent-friendly maternity care were identified from the findings. The components of the constructs included aspects of (1) Structures and Resources, (2) Attitudes to AMCs, and (3) Services. The resources or structures that either need to exist and/or be improved included policies, the quality and quantity of HCps, formalized support for AMCs, a sensitized administration, community involvement and the educational preparation of HCps. The attitudes that service providers were expected to demonstrate in their interaction with AMCs included those of equality, empathy and respect. They were also expected to show understanding towards AMCs and provide them with reassurance and support. The third component identified specific services to be provided to AMCs during the antenatal, labour and delivery, and postnatal period. These constructs can be used by health care planners and providers to strengthen and improve service provision to and utilization by pregnant and parenting adolescents and form the foundation on which a theory of adolescent-friendly maternity care can be based. Recommendations were made with regards to future service and research endeavours.
Migration of nurses and the perceived impact on the public health care system in Zambia.
(2007) Msidi, Eleanor Judith Tshipisiwe Daka.; Adejumo, Oluyinka.
The subject of international migration has become an important social issue and feature of globalized labour market in health care. International migration of nurses has increasingly become a concern and the volumes are reported to be increasing particularly from the developing world where, in some countries, is a leading cause of attrition and subsequent shortage of nurses as a human resource. This has implications on the capacity of health systems to respond to the challenge of health care delivery to populations considering that nurses form the largest health workforce in most countries. In Zambia, nurse migration has equally been a concern including the absence of relevant studies with evidence to inform policy direction, planning and management of nursing human resource. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of nurse migration, the reasons why nurses resign their employment positions and leave the country, why other nurses do not migrate and to further determine the perceived nurse migration impact on the public health care system. The study was a non-experimental descriptive survey design that used both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data collection and data analysis. A triangulation approach was used in data collection involving various methods; multistage, stratified and systematic sampling; purposive and snowball with a range of data collection instruments; semi-structured for focused interviews of nurse migrants, nurses seeking verifications and policy makers; self-administered questionnaire that enlisted data from clinical nurses and nurse educators on the perceived impact of nurse migration on the public health care system and topic guides for focus group discussions. Computer software were used to code and analyze data; SPSS version 11.0 for quantitative data and NVivo7 for qualitative data. A total of 309 clinical nurses and 23 nurse educators responded to the self administered questionnaire. Thirty three key informants participated in focus group discussions conducted in four health facilities situated in four districts. There were five directors at provincial, district and national levels and 13 nurse migrants interviewed. Data on nurses with verification of qualifications sent to countries were collected from a total of 1,142 records; 931 for RNs and 211 for ENs. The study was guided by a conceptual framework developed from two migration theories namely the World Systems Theory and the Push and Pull Theory. The World Systems Theory structured the world into three zones of Periphery (poor countries), Semi-Periphery (Transitional economies) and the Core (industrialized wealthy countries). Push factors caused people to leave the Periphery to the Semi-periphery and to the Core where the Pull factors attracted those from the Periphery and Semi-periphery. Major findings of the study showed dissatisfaction with work conditions, poor living conditions, lack of professional recognition and autonomy and lack of access to professional development as being among the push factors while the pull factors included attractive work conditions, conducive work environment and access to professional development, among others. The perceived impact included nurse shortage, excessive workload, long working hours and poor quality of patient care. Findings on issues for policy on managing nurses leaving for greener pastures were in the form of interventions that would address the push factors and formed the basis for recommendations from the study.
Residential care for the elderly in eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality : a case study approach.
(2010) Dolo, Meiko Josephine.; Brysiewicz, Petra.; Adejumo, Oluyinka.
Aim: This study explored and described residential care for the elderly in eThekwini Municipality in terms of the organizational structure, staff and residents, and determined how those factors influenced elder care. This was aimed to make recommendations for residential care in eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality. Methodology: A descriptive explorative case study design, using both quantitative and qualitative approaches was adopted for this study. The study participants included eight administrators, twenty elderly residents and thirty nursing staff from four residential care facilities (RCFs) in eThekwini Municipality, Durban. Data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, record review and observation based on the structure, process and outcome of the study's conceptual framework. Qualitative data were gathered from administrators and elderly residents. The data were transcribed and analyzed manually using Framework Analysis (Ritchi & Spencer, 1994). Quantitative data was obtained from nursing staff using questionnaires, and analyzed using SPSS. Findings: Administrative fmdings followed the structure, process and outcome of the study. The structural findings were focused on facility philosophy and human-material resources, as well as on emerging themes from the data. The emerging themes from facility philosophy were assisting vulnerable people across age groups, document review, quality indicators, admission criteria and reasons for admission to each facility. Emerging themes from human-material resources were fmancial sustainability, staff-resident ratio and material resources. The process findings were focused on care and service delivery to the elderly and the emerging themes were one big family, incidence of abuse, methods of elder care and service delivery, knowledge about elder care, relationship of control, being there, gentle restraint, setting boundaries with the residents, medication safety, common religious belief and resident satisfaction. Findings from the outcome were focused on success and challenges of elder care, experiences of the elderly and nursing staff care experiences. Thus, emerging themes from success and challenges were strong bond, retaining staff, maintenance of physical structure, location of care centre; success and its dependence and challenges of procuring basic medical equipment. Findings from experiences of the elderly were reasons for admission, relationship, experiences of the elderly, response shift, psychosocial support and satisfaction with care, cultural belief and well respected. Emerging themes from nursing staffs experiences of caring for the elderly was mainly focused on their professional knowledge about elder care. Details of these findings are written down in Chapters Four and discussed in relation to literature in Chapter Five. Conclusion: The study concluded by making recommendations for the care of the elderly in -RCFs in eThekwini Municipality in line with the findings of the study. The recommendations have implications for the government, policy makers, nursing education and nursing research. Moreover, those concerned are encouraged to adopt and use the recommendations where applicable to promote residential care quality for the elderly in eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality.

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