Browsing by Author "Cook, Elizabeth Louise."
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Item Ridiculing the empire rhetorical strategy as critique of the monarchic discourse of salvation in Genesis 47.13-26.(2015) Castillo, Carlos David.; Cook, Elizabeth Louise.This work explores how Genesis 47.13-26, a text that rarely, dealt with in the exegetical work on the Joseph story, can be read as a denunciation and critique of the monarchic tributary system and its theological support through the temple-state apparatus. Through literary, socio-historic and rhetoric analysis, I approach this text in an effort to interrogate its socio-economic and ideo-theological interests, not only to understand the possible perspective from which it might have been written, but also to discuss to what extent the story can contribute to projects of socio-economic justice in the Costa Rican context. I argue that Genesis 47.13-26 evidences the dynamics of socio-economic exploitation and religious legitimation in Ancient Israel, related to the Israel and Judah monarchy from the 10th century BCE onwards and reflected in texts like 1 Samuel 8 and 2 Kings 12 and highly contested by prophets like Micah and Amos. The temple-state system would have legitimated the dispossession of the peasantry through tithes, taxes and corvée labour, giving support to the development of a debt dynamic that provoked economic distress and eventual loss of the peasantry’s land to the benefit of the upper classes. I state that Genesis 47.13-26 exposes this reality in such a way that it challenges the monarchic tributary system and its theology by making evident the dispossession this brings to the Israelite population. Therefore, the rhetorical discourse in Genesis 47.13-26 becomes a denunciation and contestation of the economic exploitation of the tributary system and the discourse of salvation of the monarchy. I also support this idea through intertextual work. I engage in an analysis of the socio-economic and ideo-theological discourses in the Joseph story, in order to understand the literary context of Genesis 47.13-26. I conclude that this corpus could be considered propaganda of the monarchy and its tributary system and an attempt to present the institution and its economic practice as divinely established and necessary for the survival of the people. The function of Genesis 47.13-26 within this literary corpus could be, considering that Genesis 47.13-26 is seen by most scholars as an insertion to the Joseph story, to contend against the legitimating discourse of the monarchy. This aspect would explain the discursive differences between Genesis 47.13-26 and the rest of the Joseph story. I also locate Genesis 47.13-26 alongside other texts that seem to challenge the monarchy’s tributary system. Using literary, socio-historic and rhetoric analysis, I highlight the similarities between this text and 1 Samuel 8.11-18 and 1 Kings 12.1-20, arguing that these three texts belong to Old Testament traditions that denounce and resist the exploitative manner of the Israelite kings. In order to facilitate a dialogue between the ideo-theology in Genesis 47.13-26 and the Costa Rican socio-economic context, I test this text’s “capacity” to promote liberating projects by using Postcolonial and Liberation Hermeneutics. With these frameworks, I interrogate the text’s power dynamics and silenced voices, finding in its ideo-theological and socio-economic discourses some elements that could be useful to analyse and denounce the Costa Rican unjust socio-economic structures. The last section of the thesis is focused on Contextual Bible Study Methodology, in the search for ways to incorporate the interests of common readers in the work of the biblical sciences and also to offer common readers the interpretive tools biblical sciences have developed. I describe one Contextual Bible Study developed from the elements Genesis 47.13-26 offers, which invites readers to a re-interpretation of the text from the perspective of the impoverished and oppressed in the Costa Rican context. This is in order to promote the transformation not only of personal and public ideo-theological paradigms but also of an unjust socio-economic reality. Este trabajo explora cómo Génesis 47.13-26, texto que raramente ha sido analizado en el trabajo exegético sobre la Historia de José, puede ser una denuncia y crítica del sistema tributario de la monarquía y su teología través del aparado del templo-estado. Usando herramientas del análisis literario, socio-histórico y retórico, analizo este texto en un esfuerzo por interrogar sus intereses socio-económicos e ideo-teológicos, no sólo para entender la posible perspectiva desde la cual pudo haber sido escrito, sino también para discutir hasta qué punto la historia puede contribuir en proyectos de justicia socio-económica en el contexto costarricense. Mi argumento es que Génesis 47.13-26 evidencia las dinámicas de explotación socio-económica y legitimación religiosa vividas en la monarquía del Antiguo Israel, desde el siglo 10 a.C. en adelante, reflejadas en textos como 1 Samuel 8 y 2 Reyes 12 y denunciadas por profetas como Miqueas y Amós. El sistema de templo-estado habría legitimado la desposesión del campesinado a través de diezmos, impuestos y trabajos forzados, permitiendo el desarrollo de una dinámica de endeudamiento que provocaría problemas económicos y la perdida de tierra del campesinado en beneficio de las clases más acomodadas. Génesis 47.13-26 expondría esta realidad de tal manera que desafiaría el sistema tributario monárquico y su teología, haciendo evidente la desposesión que trae a la población israelita. Por tanto, el discurso retórico en Génesis 47.13-26 se convierte en denuncia y resistencia de la explotación económica del sistema tributario y del discurso salvador de la monarquía. Esta idea también es apoyada a través de un trabajo intertextual. Analizo los discursos socio-económicos e ideo-que teológicos en la historia de José, con el fin de entender el contexto literario de Génesis 47.13-26. Concluyo que dicho corpus podría ser considerado propaganda en favor de la monarquía y su sistema tributario, con el fin de presentar dicha institución y su práctica económica como divinamente establecidas y necesarias para la sobrevivencia de la población. La función de Génesis 47.13-26 dentro de este cuerpo literario sería, considerando que Génesis 47.13-26 es visto por la mayoría de exégetas como una inserción en la historia de José, desafiar el discurso legitimador de la monarquía, aspecto que explicaría además las diferencias discursivas entre Génesis 47.13-26 y el resto de la historia de José. Génesis 47.13-26 es leído junto a otros textos que parecen desafiar el sistema tributario de la monarquía. Usando herramientas de análisis literario, socio-histórico y retórico, resalto las similitudes entre este texto 1 Samuel 8.11-18 y 1 Reyes 12.1-20, argumentando que estos tres textos pertenecen a tradiciones del Antiguo Testamento que denuncian y resisten las practicas explotadoras de los reyes israelitas. Para construir un dialogo entre la ideo-teología de Génesis 47.13-26 y el contexto socio-económico costarricense, examino la “capacidad” que tiene esta historia de promover proyectos de liberación, esto a través de la Hermenéutica Postcolonial y la de Liberación. Con estos marcos de interpretación, interrogo las dinámicas de poder y las voces silenciadas en el texto, encontrando en sus discursos socio-económicos e ideo-teológicos algunos elementos que podrían ser útiles para analizar y denunciar estructuras socio-económicas injustas en Costa Rica. La última sección de esta tesis lidia con la metodología de la Lectura Contextual de la Biblia, en una búsqueda por incorporar los intereses de lectoras/es comunes en el quehacer de la ciencia bíblica y también en un intento por ofrecer a dichos/as lectores/as herramientas interpretativas que la ciencia bíblica ha desarrollado. Describo un CBS con los elementos que Génesis 47.13-26 ofrece, el cual invita a reinterpretar el texto desde la perspectiva de las personas empobrecidas y marginalizadas en el contexto costarricense, esto para promover la transformación no sólo de paradigmas ideo-teológicos personales y públicos pero también de una realidad económica injusta.Item The senescence of the cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim) flower.(1985) Cook, Elizabeth Louise.; Van Staden, Johannes.A review of the literature pertaining to cut carnation flower senescence and the regulatory role of plant hormones in this process revealed the value of this system in physiological studies. Carnation flower senescence is a good example of correlative senescence and therefore this final development stage involves an interaction between flower parts dying at the expense of the development of others. Due to the survival value of the seed, ovary growth occurs to the detriment of the surrounding flower parts especially the petals, the flower part that determines vaselife. This senescence strategy occurs, although at a later stage, even when pollination is unsuccessful. Additional ethylene applied using 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid, which when incorporated into plant tissue produces ethylene, accelerated carnation flower senescence. If the carnation flowers are treated with silver thiosulphate,which prevents ethylene action,and ethanol,which inhibits ethylene biosynthesis,petal longevity is extended to the detriment of ovary growth. Correlating the physical appearance of the flowers in the presence and absence of ethylene with dry mass and labelled sucrose analyses, carbohydrate movement appeared to be a major event during the senescence of this cut flower. Such a conclusion could not be reached on dry mass analyses alone as the photosynthetic organs of the carnation flower contribute to the carbohydrate pool in the first days following harvest. Furthermore the respiratory pattern of the flower is not a steady decline. Concomitant with the natural ethylene emanation as the petals irreversibly wilt, so the respiratory rate increases. On the other hand, the respiratory rate is greatly reduced with silver thiosulphate and ethanol treatment. In the presence of ethylene, together with the growth of the ovary there is an influx of carbohydrates from all the flower parts including the petals into the ovary. With silver thiosulphate and ethanol treatment the petals become the dominant carbohydrate sink. It thus appears that insufficient carbohydrates moving to the ovary may be the cause of the lack of ovary development. However , an experiment with isolated cultured ovaries on a modified MILLER'S (1965) medium lacking in plant hormones but with a range of sucrose concentrations showed that sucrose alone cannot stimulate ovary growth. The mechanism by which this source-sink relationship is determined appears to be controlled from the sink. The source organs contribute carbohydrates that are in excess of their metabolic needs. Acid invertase activity, maintaining the sucrose gradient into the sink, was considered as a mechanism by which sink strength could be controlled due to the parallel in other plant systems between the activity of this enzyme and sink strength. On investigation the levels of acid invertase activity are higher in the ovaries of senescing carnations than in the petals. This balance of invertase activity was reached mainly due to a decline in petal invertase activity. However, as silver thiosulphate treatment lowered the level of acid invertase activity in the ovary and this flower part was not the dominant sink with this treatment, acid invertase activity appears to contribute to sink activity in the senescing carnation flower. Nevertheless due to the immobility of sucrose through membranes, for the passive movement of sucrose down a concentration gradient, membrane permeability to sucrose would have to be altered. This is a possible role of the plant hormones and specific ions. Furthermore, this ovary growth was correlated with chloroplast development in the ovary wall. In the presence of ethylene 'greening' or an increase in chlorophyll content during flower senescence was measured. This increase in the chlorophyll content did not occur in the silver thiosulphate and ethanol treated carnations. Relating this to chloroplast development, an electron microscope study showed that in the presence of ethylene the original amyloplast present at harvest developed into a chloroplast with thylakoids stacked into grana. With the ethylene inhibitory treatments, although thylakoids developed in the ovary wall chloroplasts, grana did not form. As chlorophyll is synthesised in the thylakoids, this chloroplast structure correlated with the chlorophyll measurements. The results of the parameters measured during the senescence of the cut carnation flower suggested that the other plant hormones besides ethylene were involved in this process. Endogenous cytokinin measurements showed that, overall, the level within the cut flower declined as the flower senesced. The ovary cytokinin levels did not steadily decline but increased as the petals irreversibly wilted. This peak of cytokinin activity was common to ovaries of flowers treated with 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid and naphthalene acetic acid, treatments that accelerated senescence. Previous workers showed that a silver thiosulphate treatment prevented this increase in cytokinin activity in the ovary. This, together with the lack of ovary development, suggests that the ovary cytokinin activity may be a crucial event in the regulation of carnation flower senescence. To confirm such a hypothesis zeatin was injected into the ovary but was found ineffective in mobilising sucrose and accelerating petal senescence. It was only when both zeatin and indoleacetic acid were applied to the ovary that sucrose mobilisation and accelerated petal senescence occurred. Thus auxins together with cytokinins appear important in ovary development. The importance of the presence of auxin in ovary development was further recognised by a naphthalene acetic acid treatment being far more effective in ~timulating the growth of isolated cultured ovaries than kinetin. Auxin treatment increased the size of the cells within the ovary wall and the development of the chloroplasts within these cells to a greater extent compared to control and kinetintreated ovaries. It was thus hypothesised that the auxin levels in the ovary were protected against conjugation by the presence of adequate levels of cytokinins. When the cytokinin levels dropped, as in the petals, ethylene could then accelerate auxin conjugation resulting in a retardation of growth. Sink tissues, such as the ovary, with a higher cytokinin and hence auxin content, may utilise mobilised assimilates from the petals thus contributing to petal senescence. To further prove this hypothesis an investigation into the site of ethylene action using the silver ion as a tool was initiated. A review of the histochemical and histological literature revealed that common silver binding sites in plants included sulphydryl groups, chloride ions, ascorbic acid and invertase. Each was considered as potential channels via which ethylene could effect its physiological response but no conclusion was reached. Because of this a decision on the importance of the translocatory path of a ten minute silver thiosul phate pulse within the flowerhead and its accumulation within the receptacle could not be reached.